Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework Research Paper

Children of Immigrants in Qubec - Theoretical Framework - Research Paper Example The case study followed three post-secondary students whose first language was French and studied the degree and application of academic biliteracy that each student demonstrated in his or her academic writing assignments. The case study took place in Ottawa, Canada, which as the capital of Canada is a fully bilingual environment, both French and English. The author chose this article because the theoretical framework applied in this particular study has similar resonance and application to the author’s topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The goal of this paper is to discuss the key aspects of theoretical frameworks and demonstrate why researchers develop and apply theoretical frameworks to their academic study topics in the field of education. The theoretical framework used by Guillaume Gentil relates in several cases to the key themes that the author is currently pursuing in the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study, most notably the ideas of individual voices an d construction of identity as it pertains to first language. Guillaume Gentil built theoretical framework using elements from the continua model of biliteracy developed by Hornberger; the critical social theory work created by Bourdieu and also applied philosophical hermeneutics to the framework (Bourdieu, 1998; Hornberger, 1989). Guillaume Gentil applied this framework to test his hypothesis that â€Å"individual biliterate development [is] a subjective and intersubjective evaluative response to social contexts of possibilities for biliteracy† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Upon the completion of the two and a half year case study, the research that Guillaume Gentil amassed, including examination of each case study member’s compromises and sometimes circuitous routes followed in order to fully commit to and uphold a bilingual academic writing environment in an landscape dominated by English demonstrated â€Å"the challenges and resources of bilingual writers to uphold their commitment to academic biliteracy within English-dominant institutional and disciplinary contexts† (Gentil, 2005, p. 421). Similarly, within the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec", multiple challenges arise for first generation children of immigrant parents in Quebec to commit to and adhere to an often multilingual environment, including the language or languages spoken at home, the cultural link to the languages spoken in the home country and the bilingual environment of the province of Quebec. The overall goal therefore is to demonstrate the author’s comprehension of the concept of theoretical frameworks, using Gentil's theoretical framework to relate to the topic of "Children of Immigrants in Quebec". The paper will begin with a discussion of the theories Guillaume Gentil applied to build the theoretical framework of Commitments to Academic Biliteracy: Case Studies of Francophone University Writers and analyze their importance to the study. The paper will a lso analyze the theoretical framework of this study and draw parallels between it and the "Children of Immigrants in Quebec" study. Theoretical Frameworks: Overview The main purpose and value of a theoretical framework is to prove the specific hypothesis that the researcher develops (Anfara & Mertz, 2006; Cline, n.d.). A theoretical frame

Relationship Between Religious Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Relationship Between Religious Beliefs Essay ‘The relationship between religious beliefs, religious organisations and social groups is complex and diverse. Different groups have different needs and priorities.’ To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? Statistics show that women have a greater participation rate in religious organisations than men. Women are more likely to express a greater interest in religion, to have a stronger personal faith and believe in life after death. They are more likely to involve themselves in religious rituals and worship, for example, attend religious services and lead a more religious life generally. There are many sociological explanations as to why women are more religious than men. Firstly, Miller and Hoffmann suggest that gender socialization means females are brought up to be more compliant, obedient and nurturing than males. They state that women are more involved with feelings, co-operation and caring for others. However, Walter and Davie see women as more exposed than men, to the ups and downs and changes of life. This is because of their biological involvement through childbirth, and through their greater participation in paid caring jobs, for example as teachers, nurses, social workers. Davie suggests that these factors give women a closer association with birth and death than men, and these are also central issues for many religions. They make women more aware of the helplessness of human life, and more familiar to the spiritual dimensions for human existence. Women are also more likely to turn to religion as a result of feeling deprived; they are more likely to experience poverty, family problems, less self confidence and less power. This means they turn to religion for comfort, particularly in religious sects and new religious movements which provide theodicies explaining their feelings, as well as solutions and support. Status frustration may be experienced by some women, who lack personal fulfilment or status as a result of being restricted to the home by the constraints of housework and childcare, or are in unsatisfying lower-middle-class jobs, which are mainly done by women. Religious participation, particularly in religious sects or new age cults, may help to overcome or compensate for this. Due to women staying at home for child care or having part time jobs, some would argue that this allows women to have far more spare time to be able to attend religious groups, therefore increasing their attendance. Statistics show women’s attendance to religious organisations are higher than men’s, however some Marxist  feminists such as Bevoir and Bird argue that religion is used to oppress women. The view that religion has negative consequences for women is conveyed in the study by Bevoir, who sees religion as patriarchal and oppressive. She supports the Marxist perspective and suggests that religion is oppressive and serves to control and reimburse the second class status given to woman. Which is similar to Marx’s viewpoint on the polerteriants who believe religion gives women a false belief that they will be compensated for their suffering on earth by equality in heaven. This argument suggests that religion is patriarchal therefore it is inevitable that it will end up having negative consequences for women. According to feminists there are countless example of patriarchy which have been used to control and later oppress women. Places of worship show this as they often segregate the sexes. An example of this is the Jewish synagogue in which women are placed behind screens separate from the men who in turn are situated in the main centre space. This highlights the marginalisation between the men and women. Although there are some rising female readers of religion, scriptures were first and foremost written and interpreted by men and it is men that are the head of the churches in Islam and Catholicism. This could mean that many values and ideologies such as wearing the Burka, beatings, female circumcision and bans on contraception may have been misinterpreted for men’s gain and passed on through generation to generation. May religious women are still not permitted to become priests or are only allowed to work themselves up to a certain level before they hit a religious ‘glass ceiling’, identifying where they want to be, but not being able to reach it due to the constraints set upon them. On the other hand, there are views to suggest that women are no longer oppressed in religion. For example, many cults are run by women and Paganism, from which many New Age religions originate, remains the most female-friendly approach to religion with a strong feminist element, where God is a mixture of male and female, and strong female leadership is common. Individuals seem to develop a greater attachment to religion as they grown older. Religious belief is lowest among those under 34, and highest among those over age 55. Young people are not only less likely to participate in mainstream religious activity than older people; more than half of them say they don’t regard themselves as religious at all, as shown in such studies as the British  Social Attitudes survey and the European Values study. There are three main reasons as to why older people might be more religious than the younger generation. The first being disengagement. This means that as people get older, they become detached from integrating mechanisms of society, such as participation in workplaces through paid employment. Older people may face increasing social isolation as partners and friends die. Participation in religious organisations provides a form of social support in this situation, and a network of people to relate to. The second is religious socialization, where older people are more likely to have a greater emphasis places on religion through the education system and socialization in the family when they were younger. Lastly, ill health and death. Older people tend to be faced with declining health, and death looms on the horizon. These are the very things that religion concerns its self with. The aging process and disengagement from society may therefore generate an engagement with religion for comfort, coping, meaning and support. Young people are less religious in terms of their expressed religious belief in surveys and their participation in mainstream religions, however this may be because these are simply being expressed in new, private ways which are difficult to record in surveys. Lynch suggests that young people may be running away from conventional ideas of religion as they can now go ‘spiritual shopping’. This involves an increasing exposure and accessibility to a diversity range of religious and spiritual ideas. This has encouraged new ways of exploring religion and spirituality. Young people may be choosing to take of their religion, of whatever faith or mix of beliefs, as a private matter. Davie expressed this in the words ‘believing without belonging’. This is where individuals may have a belief in something, however they do not chose to practice this belief. Secular spirituality and the sacred, Lynch suggested that young people may not have lost all religiosity , but that is simply finding new forms, many of which are associated more with the secular and non-religious world than with religious as it is currently understood by most people. Pragmatic reasons also mean there are a range of possible more practical or pragmatic explanations for the decline of religious belief and commitment amongst young individuals. Leisure activities have become a much bigger part of life, and shops and pubs all open for very long hours, including Sundays. Young people have more demands on their time and they may  simply have more interesting ad enjoyable things to do.

Why Was There Stalemate On The Western Front Between Germany And Franc

Due to the complexity of this question, it must be broken down before an attempt at answering it can be made. Following this, it will be easier to understand the exact context in which this article will consider this question. By asking ‘Why was there stalemate on the Western front’ two questions are actually being asked. Firstly, why did a stalemate start and secondly why did the stalemate continue between 1914 and 1918. The second issue within the question is the section that specifically refers to stalemate between ‘German and France’. It is debatable whether this refers to conflict between German and French armies or German and French territories. Since British and Belgian forces had a significant impact to conflict on the Western front and the inclusion of facts concerning these forces is necessary to answer in full the question ‘Why was there Stalemate on the Western front’. This article will take the opinion that the question asks for th e inclusion of all relevant events leading to and sustaining deadlock on the Western front. The structure of this article will look chronologically at the start of the deadlock followed by an analysis of the continuation and eventual end of the stalemate. When war began in the summer of 1914 both Germany and France had distinct ideas about how war should proceed. Germany, being the initiator of conflict, had the advantage of putting its ‘Schlieffen Plan’ into action first. The plan called for a large-scale invasion of France with a large proportion of the German army moving into France through Belgium. Paramount to the German plan was speed. In order for Germany to be able to invade Russia without worrying about France, Germany needed to defeat the French in a matter of weeks. Due to a number of unforeseen factors, the German plan failed and led directly to the deadlocked situation that would continue for over four years. As a result of alteration to the Schlieffen Plan, the complete failure of the French plan XVII and the intervention of British, Belgian and French forces, a situation that could only be described as stalemate was firmly established by November 1914. The events leading to this began on 4th August 1914 when around a million German troops poured into Belgium according to the Schlieffen plan. This when Germany met its first major setbacks as Britain, quite unexpectedly from Germany’s perspective, immed... ...anes of both sides went badly wrong, a large and unexpected confrontation resulted in all armies digging in to hold their ground. Despite numerous attempts to break through these positions, good defensive weapons and positions combined with equally adversaries resulted in a deadlock that could not be broken until the sides were no longer equal and better offensive methods had been developed. Deadlocked trench warfare seems the only logical method for which a prolonged war between powerful European countries could take place at the time. The weapons, technologies and tactics of the time were ideally suited to a defensive war and both sides exploited these when their ambitious plans for a quick war failed. In hindsight, these plans may seem silly, as it is obvious that the French and German plans could not both succeed and it is now known that the war lasted more than four years when the people who conceived these plans envisaged a war of only two or three months. But it must not b e forgotten how close Germany came to victory in the early stages. If just a few small things had happened differently then Germany may well have won and the world may well be a very different place today.

History of the Bahamas Essay -- Essays Papers

History of the Bahamas The Bahama Islands were discovered on October 12, 1942 by Christopher Columbus. Columbus and his Spanish crew stumbled upon the archipelago while looking for a trade route to the wealth of the West Indies and named is San Salvador. (Craton, pg. 30) The Spanish settlers encountered the native Bahamians, the Lucayans upon thier arrival. The Lucayans were a primitive race of farmers and fisherman that had migrated north from Venezuela to escape the cannibalistic Caribs.(Bothwell, pg. 27) The hospitality of the natives was not returned by the Europeans and since the lucayans themselves were the only valuable commodity to the Spanish they were all enslaved and sent to Hispaniola to work and die in the mines or sent to dive in the pearl fisheries of Trinidad. (Craton, pg. 187) The name of the Islands originated from the explorer Jaun Ponce de Leon in 1513 who searched the archipelago for the "fountain of youth." After sailing through the islands he named them "Bajamar", the Spanish word for Shallow Waters.(Craton & Saunders, Vol. I, pg. 5) The first English Settlers of the Bahamas were puritans that fled Bermuda after Anglican and Puritan Conflicts arose. The Puritans formed the â€Å"Company of Elutherian Adventures† led by Captain William Sayle and escaped the religious persecution of Bermuda. The Puritans faced times of trouble when their ship was wrecked upon reaching the Islands. They called for aid from their Puritan friends in Massachusetts who undoubtedly saved their lives by sending them a shipment of goods. (Bothwell, 117) Many of the Puritan settlers found life to difficult in the Bahamas and by 1657 most of them returned to Bermuda. In 1670, Charles II granted the proprietors from the Carolinas the right to take over New Providence Island. A population close to five hundred settled the islands and grew cotton, tobacco and sugar cane. (Craton & Saunders, 194) GRAFICAS The lackadaisical approach of governing that consisted of heavy drinking and neglecting crops resulted in an open invitation for pirates. Pirates such as Black Beard ran amuck the throughout the islands for a quarter of a century until order was restored under the first royal governor, Captain Woodes Rogers. (Craton, pg. 251) ... ...of the German U-boat. American investment led to the development of airports and after the war the Bahamas became a popular tourist destination. (Craton and Saunders, 300) On January 7, 1964 the Bahamas attained internal self-government through a new constitution. The rise of the Progressive Liberal party created a dual party system along with the long dominant United Bahamian Party. The first leader of the Progressive Liberal Party and the first Negro premiere was Lynden O. Pindling. On July 10, 1973 under Pindling, the Bahamas was granted complete independence from Great Britain. His policies brought prosperity and stability to the Bahamas and the education system dramatically improved under his rule. He has faced controversy over his deliberate ignorance or possible role in the drug crime wave of the 1970’s and 80’s. (Craton & Saunders, Vol. II, pg. 378) He was outvoted in 1992 and replaced by the current Prime Minister, Hubert Ingraham, a member of the Free National Movement party. Under Ingraham, the country has expanded its economy and foreign industry creating a stronger sense of national identity and preserving peace and prosperity throughout the islands.

Creating an Immersive Video Game Environment

People play video games for a wide variety of reasons today. They are fun, exciting, and challenging. They are also extremely popular among the generation of digital natives. Digital natives today rely heavily on electronics and computer devices to keep them entertained and interactive. So as a game developer, how do you create an immersive video game environment that is invigorating, interactive, and unique? There are tons of different types of video games out there, which appeal to different age groups, genders, hobbies and interests.Games designed today should feature a number of effects that would rank the particular game high on the recommendations and most played lists. Video games today should feature transformations on 3D models, striking visual effects, and should incorporate all of the newest technologies in order to create some of the best and most unique effects that appeal to all, regardless of the kind of video game, or the target age audience. Many would argue that vid eo games are considered works of art.One would agree that there are various interpretations of what is considered â€Å"art†. However, despite popular belief, an extensive amount of technical knowledge and graphic design experience and knowledge goes on behind video game development. If this wasn’t true, video games wouldn’t become the industry that we all know it as today. As a result, the knowledge of color schemes and visual effects is extremely necessary and essential.In fact, many screenshots of video games today can appear as individual works of art. Of course there is also a great deal of technical knowledge involved, particular in the programming area – such as HTML or JavaScript, and even coding in some cases – but all in all, graphic design and art are underlying areas of video game creation and development. All in all, video games should be exciting experiences that are both stimulating and interactive and with the right amount of advent ure and challenge tied into them.Video games should enhance the adventures and capabilities that one wish he or she could experience in real life. Sometimes when we are stuck in traffic or stuck at a traffic light, we sometimes envision ourselves monster trucking the other cars, or in any scenario where we wish we had the powers of a super hero, or that we could fight our enemies in battles and almost always win. Therefore, creating an immersive video game environment truly is a spectacular feat.This is the opportunity for video game designers – whether you are advanced or a beginner – to truly create the ultimate universe where anything and anything is possible. It takes an artistic and creative mind to be able to really create the desired immersive video game environment. However, diving into the world of video games gives us the power to be a part of a world that isn’t reality but perhaps is our dream worlds, where we become a version of our character that we wish we could be. That is the true art, and the true immersive experience.

Casino Royale Essays

Casino Royale Essays Casino Royale Essay Casino Royale Essay At the start of the scene, where bond chases down his man, tracking from a crane shot is used to give a perspective of speed in their running, and establish bonds posistion, which is on top of a single story hut. we then get a low angle wide shot of bond jumping over the fence, and his foe running through the sand, giving us a good shot of each charector, we see both of them struggling here, and the hole chase has a sort of cat and mouse effect. We then get another establishing shot, when bond pauses for a second and sums up the situation, he sees his foe is making distance between them, so he looks for an alternative.What we get is, a camera shot that is made to seem as if it was seen through bonds eyes, he stares at his foe, and then his eyes look towards the digger. Tilting is used here to look up. tracking is then used as we see the foe running parrellel to the pipes, and we see him on the over side, give the seen some an aesthetically pleasing moment. we then get a close up of b onds foe, visciouslsy scanning for bond with his gun at the ready. we then get a shot of the foes point of view, with panning and with the background in focus, which shows he is looking for bond. we then get a close up of bond in his digger being shot at, and we see his cool calm face, showing his focus. we then get a few crane shots of bond climbing the unfinished building.The next notifiable part, is when we have a low angle shot, on top of the buidling from bonds perspective, staring up at his foe, and then we have a high angle shot with bonds foe in a close up, showing his struggling as hes climing the metal rope, with bond out of focus down below, quickly going into bond, ready to continue the chase. there is then an aerial shot of bond and his foe chasing and fighting on the crane, with 360 degree loops around the crane, looking around and down and directly at them, re establishing the shot. there is then a mid shot of bonds foe, holding his unarmed gun, as he tries to shoot b ond, we see the anger in his face. there is lots of high angle aerial shots looking down at them fighting on the crane giving a good perspective of how high up they are, and how dangerous this all is.Mise-En-SceneIn this scene, it is shot in a sterotypical african enviroment, with sandy areas and shanty houses with deserted vechiles. we get a good perspective of heat through the perspiration on bond and his foes face in the chase. Also bond is wearing very casual, scruffy clothes, in an attempt to fit in. the area, could well be very sterotypical of africa, with poor security and vigilane, as bond easily manages to enter the building site and steal a bulldozer. Also we are given the perspective of a third world country, as there are obviously no health and safety, as workers are walking around on suspended beams, and the only thing slightly safe they have on them is a plastic helmet. In alot of the aerial establishing shots, we get a good view of the light blue sea, which means that it is obviously not filmed in bournemouth. we also see the extras around the action, working on the building, who for some reason try to interviene. they are all wearing shabby clothes aswell. The lighting in this scene is very bright as it is filmed outdoors, somewhere very tropical.EdittingIn this scene, there is a fast pace of editing, as bond and his foe are forever moving. A cutaway shot is used, as bonds foe jumps through the car in a flamboyant way, making the film run in a steady process. There are many other examples of the cut away shot in this scene, such as when bond is running up the crane, and when he jumps/climbs over the fence, which are done profesionally giving the scene a steady flow. There is an eye line match for when bonds foe is looking around for bond, slowing down the film, but getting us ready for action.Special EffectsThe stunts in this film are all performed by the actor of bond, Daniel Craig. we see lots of stunts, with him jumping from cranes to other objects high in the air, which are all very dramatic and breathtaking. There are also lesser noticed stunts, such as his flamboyant way of climbing over a fence, where he almost does a back flip off of it, which makes the shot more aestheically pleasing. There is Pyrotechnics in this shot, when the builder falls from the building, with his gas canistor following, making a over exagerated explosion it would seem, that adds to the scenes drama. Time also seems to slow down, almost like slow motion, as bond jumps from his crance onto another, and doesnt quite make it almost. Squibs are used in the gunfire, but they possibly used rubber bullets, when bond was being shot at in the bulldozer, as it would have been hard to use squibs, and the glass could of sustained the power of a rubber bullet, as it was probably very strong glass, as it would probably need to be, what with being on a building site.SoundIn this scene there is lots of diagetic sound to keep your sences absorbed, and the n on diagetic sound takes a little more of a backseat role, as the viewer is probably more focused on bond and what hes doing, and the viewer listens to the music subconsciously, effecting their mood in this scene. There are lots of dramatic horns in this scene, and timpani drum rolls, which really add to the suspence and adrenaline of this scene.Also silence is used in key parts, for example when he jumps from a crane, or when he catches and throws the gun. as theese bits have either a comical element, and should not be tampered with. The music is also used to build up suspence and then bring it back down again, when for example bonds foe is scanning for bond, it is all quite, and then as soon as the bulldozer goes through the building, we get dramatic strings at a fast tempo, getting louder and louder, giving an adrenaline rush to the viewer perhaps.

Paul Quinn College

Paul Quinn College Classification of Paul Quinn CollegeAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Paul Quinn College specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paul Quinn College is a privately run, four-year, faith-based liberal arts college (Paul Quinn College n.p.). College Affiliate Paul Quinn College is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church (Paul Quinn College n.p.). Year of College Foundation College was founded in Austin, Texas, on April 4, 1872 (Paul Quinn College n.p.). HistoryAdvertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This college was founded as Historically Black College, but now people of all races, sex, ethical identity, sexual orientation, etc. are accepted. The college was founded with the purpose to teach freed slaves and their children. Different kinds of workmanship were the main directions of college edu cation. The college increased its specialization when Bishop William Paul Quinn run it. First of all, the land of the college property expanded. Second, the number of taught subjects increased as well. It should be mentioned that being called a Historically Black College, it changed its name to Paul Quinn College as the gratitude for the contribution of Bishop Quinn. $100,000 were raised for a new women’s dormitory in 1954. 1962 was a year of considerable changes, the official act was adopted. The main idea of that act was to allow electing trustees with referring neither to race nor to creed (Paul Quinn College n.p.). Nowadays, the college pursues a purpose to give students top quality faith-based education. The college addresses academic students’ development trying to cultivate in them the basics of social and Christian norms. Founder African Methodist Episcopal Church is considered to be a founder of the college (Paul Quinn College n.p.). Present and Past President s During the whole history of college existence, there were many presidents who contributed to educational establishment development. Some of them were elected for several times. It should be noted that each of the presidents was a notable person in the life of the whole college. Here is a list of the presidents who took part in college development during different years, Bishop Brown (1872-1876), Bishop Cain (1876-1880), Keiling (1880-1883), Burgan (1883-1891 and 1911-1914), Banks (1891-1892 and 1926-1928), Laws (1904-1908), Butler (1908-1911), J. K. Williams (1914-1924), J. F. Williams (1924-1926), Dean Mohr (1928-1932), Jackson (1932-1939), Yancy II (1939-1942), Davis (1942-1943), Singleton (1943-1946), Aycock (1946-1951), Green, Jr. (1951-1953), Veal (1953-1956), Adams (1956-1962), McCloney (1962-1969 and 1981-1982), Rutland (1969-1976), Manning (1976-1978), Watley (1979-1981), Handy (1982-1984), Morgan (1984-1992), Powers (1992), Monroe (1992-2001), Fennell (2002-2005), Waddell (2006-2007). Sorrell entered upon his duties in 2007 and he continues to perform them up to present time (Paul Quinn College n.p.).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Paul Quinn College specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Present Enrollment Considering modern affiliations of Paul Quinn College, it should be stated that apart from African Methodist Episcopal Church it is an affiliation of Educational Testing Services and College Board. As it has already been mentioned, Paul Quinn College enrolls all students who want and who meet the following criteria, the possessions of the diploma of a high school with no less average grade point 2.5, satisfactory ACT or SAT scores are obligatory as well. One recommendation letter and a What College Means To Me essay in combination with burning desire to achieve success are the final obligatory requirements for entering this college. The Role of Women in Past or Present Admini strations The role of women in present college administration is higher than it was in the past. Having considered the names of the college presidents, the tendency may be noticed that only men were allowed to this position. However, present administration includes several women. Thus, it is possible to state that the role of women in administration is high. Performing their responsibilities, these women show that there is no prejudiced attitude in the relation to the sex of those who want to enter this educational establishment and apply on some specific positions during their college life and maybe even after college graduation. It should be remembered that women were not perceived seriously in the past. Being founded in 1872 Paul Quinn College pursued the same ideas as other colleges in the relation to females. However, both men and women were allowed for entering this college (Pinkney 36).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Noted Graduates of the Paul Quinn College There are several graduates which can be enumerated in this part, such as Dick Campbell, Christopher Saunders, Mims Hackett, Taurian Fontenette and Hiawatha Williams. There are even more of them, however, these can be considered as people who became known all over the USA. Dick Campbell was a famous person in the world of theater. His contribution is considered as the attempt to develop black theater during the period of Harlem Renaissance (Wilson 208). Christopher Saunders is notable for being a sport broadcaster for the national radio (â€Å"QA With Paul Quinn Alumnus† n.p.). Mims Hackett, an American Democratic Party politician, is one more notable person who has graduated from Paul Quinn College. However, looking at the latest information which has appeared in press, there is nothing notable in this person. He was accused for corruption and arrested in 2007 (McFadden and Chen 2). Taurian Fontenette is included in a list of Top 25 Dunkers on the Planet (Burton 1). Campus Buildings, Organizations, or Events that Make Reference to Slavery, African Americans in History and African Americans in the United States Being created as the educational establishment for freed slaves, this education establishment will always have an imprint of its past. Dallas is a historic campus of Paul Quinn college which reminds about the main idea of college creation (Paul Quinn College n.p.). Even though the college area expended and more new buildings have been created, the memory of all the students who attend it and who have graduated from it will be returned to those times when freed slaves were not allowed to study at one and the same educational establishment with white population of the USA (Pinkney 97). There are three buildings in the college, the John Hurst Adams Administrative Building gathers offices and classrooms. Joseph J. Rhoads Education Building and White Science and Mathematics Building are two facilities where st udents’ classrooms are located. This occurred in about 1960’s. Much attention to campus distribution was paid by Bishop Quinn in 1880’s and the Waco Chamber of Commerce in 1950’s (Paul Quinn College n.p.). Thus, it may be concluded that Paul Quinn College has a long and varied history. Having come the way from an educational establishment for freed slaves to the contemporary college which teaches students Christianity and gives them knowledge is many specific disciplines, it has managed to graduate many notable people. Burton, Austin. â€Å"Top 25 Dunkers on the Planet, Pt. 4.† NBA 26 October 2010: 1. Print. McFadden, Robert D. and David W. Chen. â€Å"Lawmakers accused in bribery sting poised to quit.† The New York Times 9 September 2007: 2. Print. Paul Quinn College. About PQC, 2011. Web. Pinkney, Alphonso. Black Americans. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print. â€Å"QA With Paul Quinn Alumnus, Sports Journalist Christopher Saunders.â €  HBCU Digest 23 September 2010: n.p. Print. Wilson, Melinda D. Dick Campbell. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Eds. Cary D. Wintz, and Paul Finkelman. New York: Routledge, 2004. 208–209. Print

Biography of Joseph Conrad, Author of Heart of Darkness

Biography of Joseph Conrad, Author of Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad (born Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; December 3, 1857 - August 3, 1924) was one of the greatest English-language novelists of all time, despite the fact he was born in the Russian Empire to a Polish-speaking family. After a long career in the merchant marine, he eventually settled in England and became one of the most prominent novelists of the early 20th century, writing classics such as Heart of Darkness (1899), Lord Jim (1900), and Nostromo (1904). Fast Facts: Joseph Conrad Full Name: Jà ³zef Teodor Konrad KorzeniowskiOccupation: WriterBorn: December 3, 1857, in Berdychiv, Russian EmpireDied: August 3, 1924, in Bishopsbourne, Kent, EnglandParents: Apollo NalÄ™cz Korzeniowski and Ewa BobrowskaSpouse: Jessie GeorgeChildren: Borys and JohnSelected Works: Heart of Darkness (1899), Lord Jim (1900), Nostromo (1904)Notable Quote: The belief in a supernatural source of evil is not necessary; men alone are quite capable of every wickedness. Early Life Joseph Conrads family was of Polish descent and lived in Berdychiv, a city now part of Ukraine and then part of the Russian empire. It is located in a region that the Polish sometimes refer to as the Stolen Lands, since it was taken from the Kingdom of Poland. Conrads father, Apollo Korzeniowski, a writer and political activist, took part in the Polish resistance to Russian rule. He was imprisoned in 1861 when the future author was a young child. The family endured exile to Vologda, three hundred miles north of Moscow, in 1862, and they were later moved to Chernihiv in northeast Ukraine. As a consequence of the familys struggles, Conrads mother, Ewa, died of tuberculosis in 1865. Apollo raised his son as a single father and introduced him to the works of French novelist Victor Hugo and the plays of William Shakespeare. They moved to the Austrian-held section of Poland in 1867 and enjoyed more freedom. Suffering from tuberculosis like his wife, Apollo died in 1869 leaving his son an orphan at age eleven. Conrad moved in with his maternal uncle. He was raised to pursue a career as a sailor. At age sixteen, fluent in French, he moved to Marseilles, France, to look for a career in the merchant marine. Merchant Marine Career Conrad sailed for four years on French ships before joining the British merchant marine. He served for fifteen more years under the British flag. He eventually rose to the rank of captain. The elevation to that rank came unexpectedly. He sailed on the ship Otago out of Bangkok, Thailand, and the captain died at sea. By the time the Otago arrived at its destination in Singapore, the entire crew except Conrad and the cook were suffering from fever. Photo circa 1960: A bust of Joseph Conrad as a figurehead on the prow of The Joseph Conrad, a training ship built in Copenhagen in 1882. Three Lions / Getty Images The characters in Joseph Conrads writing are mostly drawn from his experiences at sea. Three years of association with a Belgian trading company as captain of a ship on the Congo River led directly to the novella Heart of Darkness. Conrad completed his final long-distance voyage in 1893. One of the passengers on the ship Torrens was 25-year-old future novelist John Galsworthy. He became a good friend of Conrad shortly before the latter began his writing career. Success as a Novelist Joseph Conrad was 36 when he left the merchant marine in 1894. He was ready to seek a second career as a writer. He published his first novel Almayers Folly in 1895. Conrad was concerned that his English might not be strong enough for publication, but readers soon considered his approach to the language as a non-native writer an asset. Conrad set the first novel in Borneo, and his second, An Outcast of the Islands, takes place in and around the island of Makassar. The two books helped him develop a reputation as a teller of exotic tales. That depiction of his work frustrated Conrad, who looked to be taken seriously as a top writer of English literature. Handwritten and typed letter from Joseph Conrad to Ford Madox Ford. Culture Club / Getty Images During the next fifteen years, Conrad published what most consider the finest works of his career. His novella Heart of Darkness appeared in 1899. He followed it with the novel Lord Jim in 1900 and Nostromo in 1904. Literary Celebrity In 1913, Joseph Conrad experienced a commercial breakthrough with the publication of his novel Chance. Today it is not viewed as one of his best works, but it outsold all of his previous novels and left the author with financial security for the rest of his life. It was the first of his novels to focus on a woman as a central character. Conrads next novel, Victory, released in 1915, continued his commercial success. However, critics found the style melodramatic and expressed concern that the authors artistical skills were fading. Conrad celebrated his financial success by building the house he called Oswalds in Bishopsbourne, Canterbury, England. Personal Life Joseph Conrad suffered from a range of physical maladies, most of them due to exposure during his years in the merchant marine. He battled gout and recurrent attacks of malaria. He also struggled occasionally with depression. In 1896, while in the early years of his writing career, Conrad married Jessie George, an Englishwoman. She gave birth to two sons, Borys and John. Joseph Conrad and Family. Time Life Pictures / Getty Images Conrad counted many other prominent writers as friends. Among the closest were future Nobel laureate John Galsworthy, American Henry James, Rudyard Kipling, and collaborator on two novels, Ford Madox Ford. Later Years Joseph Conrad continued to write and publish novels through his final years. Many observers considered the five years after World War I ended in 1919 the most peaceful part of the authors life. Some of Conrads contemporaries pushed for recognition with a Nobel Prize for Literature, but it was not forthcoming. In April 1924, Joseph Conrad turned down the offer of a British knighthood due to his background in Polish nobility. He also turned down offers of honorary degrees from five prestigious universities. In August 1924, Conrad died at his home of an apparent heart attack. He is buried with his wife, Jessie, in Canterbury, England. Legacy Shortly after Joseph Conrads death, many critics focused on his ability to create stories that illuminated exotic locales and to humanize sordid events. Later analysis has focused on deeper elements in his fiction. He often examines the corruption that lies just beneath the surface of otherwise admirable characters. Conrad focuses on fidelity as a crucial theme. It can save the soul and wreak terrible destruction when it is breached. Conrads powerful narrative style and the use of anti-heroes as main characters have influenced a wide range of great writers of the 20th century, from William Faulkner to George Orwell and Gabriel Garcia Marquez. He paved the way for the development of modernist fiction. Source Jasanoff, Maya. The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World. Penguin Press, 2017.

True or False Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

True or False - Essay Example For instance, information from an individual could be given voluntarily or out of torture. On the other hand, corrective justice is concerned with the fair response to an evil deed to a person or a group of people. In corrective justice, the wrongdoer is expected to compensate his/her actions either by returning the stolen goods or paying for the damages caused (Weinrib, 2002). From the three types of justice, corrective justice is the best since it focuses on gain and loss, equality, correlativity of the parties. One of the reasons for choosing correlative justice is the fact that it acknowledges gain and loss. Gain and loss, in this case, refer to the effects on the amount or state of an individual’s resource that result from interactions between two or more parties (Modak-Truran, 2013). A gain is an increase in the resource whereas a loss is the decrease in the same. While procedural justice is focused in how information is gathered, corrective justice focuses on the actual resources that are affected. Corrective justice is, therefore, the best since it advocates for the restoration of the victims possessions before the interaction. The offender should compensate the victim either to restore their initial positions or to raise their status to a set standard. Equality is another reason for qualifying corrective justice as the best. Corrective justice has equality as the point of reference in determining a just action and just treatments. Equality is the status quo of the parties involved that existed before their interaction (Modak-Truran, 2013).In order to determine the position of the equality, before the interaction, gain and loss can be used. For instance, when Party A hits Party B, the situation can be analyzed to determine whether Party A had interfered with Party B’s right of free from body invasion or if it was an act of self-defense. The correlative nature of the corrective justice is another

Marketing Management case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Management - Case Study Example Considering the investigation, Tom Jackson who is the president and the holder of Executive Training Inc (ETI), is concerned in regards to the upward cost that is proportional to $ 400, 000 preceding getting his first client. ETI is an organization that gives showcasing and deals preparing to agrarian organizations, however monetary investigation is pondered respects to the predominating current degree. This proportion constitute of both current stakes and current liabilities. Be that as it may, the degree reflects the amount of times fleeting stakes blanket transient liabilities and is a reasonably correct evidence of an organizations capability to administration its current commitments. A higher number is favored on the grounds that it shows a solid capacity to administration transient commitments. The organization of current possessions is a key element in the assessment of this proportion. Contingent upon the kind of business or industry, current holdings may incorporate moderate moving inventories that could conceivably influence investigation of an organizations liquidity (Keller & Kotler, 2011). In light of how Executive Training Inc business evaluating and also its aggregate deals disclosed, we find that in excess of 17 year the organization had been doing business and its incomes developed from simply $ 100,000 in the first year to $1, 200, 000 at the end of the year 2003. All the more in this way, the issue of preventive interim days ready to go assumes a greater part the extent that monetary part of business is of concern. This degree gages the risk of indebtedness for gurus by figuring the amount of days an organization can work without any money returns while reaching its essential operational expenses. By and large, this number ought to be between 30 to 90 days. ETI on this support have used their assets, deals explanations and calendars

Analysis Ford UK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis Ford UK - Coursework Example Instead of having severe rivalry Ford has sustained in the market and has gained competitive advantage over others. Societal marketing is a concept of marketing that is adopted by various companies and organizations in order to build the ethical and social considerations. By adopting societal marketing strategy the company is required to balance and resolve the conflicting profits of the company, satisfaction of the consumers and also the public interest. Here in this case considering the societal marketing strategy adopted by Ford because people now an s gift days are exchanging and communicating value in the market place. Ford identified the digital space economy which it considered to be the gift economy where the value for the services do not progress slowly but in a galloping mode between the consumers which helps Ford in providing a return for its brand and providing the value for the corporation. By adopting societal marketing Ford found that its brand was converted into an agent and also enabling cultural production that is providing fun. In order to serve well to its customers the marketers are adopting social marketing strategy. Now a day’s societal marketing is attaining the advantage and the attention of the consumer and therefore it is expected to continue in order to get it into practice. The societal marketing is considered as important and an excellent tactic and tool for promotion with various social parameters and exploring the response and behaviour of the consumers. The main aim or objective of the societal marketing is positioning the product or the service offered. Positioning can be defined as the creativity or the strategy that is adopted for designing the offerings of the company and occupying an image in order to occupy a place in the mind of the target consumers and market (Boone and Kurtz, 2011) Ford is considered as one of the first automotive companies of America and even today Ford successfully manufactures trucks,

Creative ideas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative ideas - Assignment Example David Bornstein (2004) argues that the success of a business does not depend upon the how well it is runned or how well it is managed but depends on how well it serves the customers. Every business idea should serve to fulfill the needs of the immediate consumers. Many people have put up business for fashion clothes for the young generation. I will start up a page on facebook that will advertise the best shops to go shopping. Having as many likes as possible will lure the business to advertise their products on my facebook page and in return, I will enjoy profits. 90% of the young generation visit facebook on daily basis and therefore products advertised on this page will have many viewers and therefore many buyers in the end. Many students own laptops and use them to aid their study. However, there are few repairers of the machines in campuses. Students are forced to go into towns looking for people to repair their machines. Setting up a computer repair centre in school will solve this problem. I will employ computer repairers to do the repairs. Due to the high numbers of customers, the business will realize many profits. The centre will not only repair but also service the machines. For establishment of each company, the government requires that the members draft a constitution. Drafting a constitution for a company has hindered many companies from establishing themselves. I will establish a company that will offer the service of making a constitution for people who want to register their companies. This will help many people who are challenged by the task of writing a constitution. Many companies are willing to advertise their products or services to the students in campuses but lack the forum to do so. There has not been a person to link them to the students. I will establish a company that will help connect the advertisers and the students. A company

Ideas From Response to Intervention Research Paper

Ideas From Response to Intervention - Research Paper Example The model introduces inclusiveness into the education model through introducing more accommodating models of instructions and a need-based allocation of the learning facilities to the targeted learners’ teams. One of the models concentration areas is addressing the learning difficulties detected in learners at earlier stages before they adjust to them, to the extent that they will need exposure to special education programs. From exposing students to high quality instruction models and interventions at the very initial stages of the problems detected, the model is able to prevent these subjects from falling behind their counterparts. This paper is an appraisal of RTI models to determine the ideas that are familiar, those that are new and intriguing, and those that seem confusing and impractical (Hale 16-27). Discussion Some of the assumptions adopted by the RTI model form the core aspect of learning of different students, and provide a framework for understanding the reality s urrounding the learning ability of all learners. Some of the ideas contained in the assumptions adopted by RTI clearly define the dynamics that need to be introduced into the delivery of education towards realizing a more accommodative model of education for all learners. These ideas are discussed below (Sahlberg 167). The educational structure can successfully teach all learners – despite the imminent personality and intellectual variations between one learner and the other. From the study of Sahlberg (167), the ability of teachers to offer instructions from research based approaches depending on the success of the given model improves the performance of different students in a significant manner. The use of innovative models in offering instructions to learners can also accommodate both slow and fast learning students, including support of abstract ideas with diagrams, demonstrations and descriptions, all supposed to create better understanding. The problem-solving abilitie s of teachers also contribute greatly to the success of low-performing students as these are cultivated into the learning model. Some of the traits introduced into this approach include planning, reflection, evaluation and action to integrate what is taught at classes (Sahlberg 10). Based on these reviewed facts, it is clear that the introduction of research-based instructions, adopting those that work best, instructing using innovative models and cultivating instruction absorption models among the students can greatly influence the performance of different learners – both fast and slow. These facts, therefore, can be applied to prove the credibility of the idea presented by RTI that an effective learning system can effectively teach all students. From class and group work during my course, I have experienced the fact that student-based instruction models can foster the performance of different learners including those that are intellectually challenged. An example is a case where diagrams were greatly helpful in cultivating the success of group members, especially those who could not comprehend abstract ideas substantially (Sahlberg 167). RTI models also work on the basis of the principle that early intervention is vital towards avoiding the development of learning-based problems. From the case of Finnish schools explained in Sahlberg (155), the training of teachers to make them highly capable of detecting and diagnosing problems among their students, classrooms and schools has been a great step towards addressing the learning

Creative ideas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative ideas - Assignment Example David Bornstein (2004) argues that the success of a business does not depend upon the how well it is runned or how well it is managed but depends on how well it serves the customers. Every business idea should serve to fulfill the needs of the immediate consumers. Many people have put up business for fashion clothes for the young generation. I will start up a page on facebook that will advertise the best shops to go shopping. Having as many likes as possible will lure the business to advertise their products on my facebook page and in return, I will enjoy profits. 90% of the young generation visit facebook on daily basis and therefore products advertised on this page will have many viewers and therefore many buyers in the end. Many students own laptops and use them to aid their study. However, there are few repairers of the machines in campuses. Students are forced to go into towns looking for people to repair their machines. Setting up a computer repair centre in school will solve this problem. I will employ computer repairers to do the repairs. Due to the high numbers of customers, the business will realize many profits. The centre will not only repair but also service the machines. For establishment of each company, the government requires that the members draft a constitution. Drafting a constitution for a company has hindered many companies from establishing themselves. I will establish a company that will offer the service of making a constitution for people who want to register their companies. This will help many people who are challenged by the task of writing a constitution. Many companies are willing to advertise their products or services to the students in campuses but lack the forum to do so. There has not been a person to link them to the students. I will establish a company that will help connect the advertisers and the students. A company

Berkeley provides (at least) two objections to Lockes Essay

Berkeley provides (at least) two objections to Lockes - Essay Example In his second Principle, Berkeley claims that objects must be perceived in order to exist, â€Å"for the existence of an idea consists in being perceived† (Berkeley 461). He bases this premise on the evidence that thoughts, passions and imaginative ideas cannot exist without a mind capable of perceiving them. â€Å"And (to me) it seems no less evident that the various sensations or ideas imprinted on the sense, however blended or combined together (that is, whatever objects they compose), cannot exist otherwise than in a mind perceiving them† (471). This goes directly against Locke’s concept of primary properties which are described as properties of an object that are true regardless of who perceives them or even whether they are perceived. Examples of primary properties include the object’s solidity, its figure, its relative motion to its surroundings and its quantity. In the example of a table, primary properties might include its hard surface and open a rea between the legs, its flat surface and height from the ground, its motionless status within the room and its singular status as an object. While Locke says that these things exist whether or not anyone perceives them, Berkeley suggests that none of these elements of the object can be true without someone first perceiving that they’re true. In this, he essentially applies Locke’s concepts of secondary properties to the entire object, eliminating primary properties. â€Å"In truth, the object and the sensation are the same thing and cannot therefore be abstracted from each other† (471). Another area in which Berkeley disagrees with Locke is in the characterization of our understanding. Locke indicates that our perceptions and experiences of the world are learned and shaped by our experiences of innate things that exist in the material world independently of perception while Berkeley

What Guides Ethical Decision Making Essay Example for Free

What Guides Ethical Decision Making Essay A processor manufacturing company who are currently facing financial troubles completed an order about three months ago for newly designed high-powered processors that are smaller than and four times as powerful as its predecessor. These processors are to be placed into cutting edge cellular phones by a leading cellular phone manufacturer whose release date is a mere month away. A design inconsistency was recently discovered that essentially meant that the processors would work but would be no more powerful than its predecessor in certain conditions. A flaw that would only to be discerned when extraordinary load was placed on the device component whilst it was exposed to ambient temperatures of over 85 degrees Fahrenheit. The company’s CEO is now faced with the difficult decision of either doing nothing or replacing all the processors. Doing nothing, allows the company to keep its doors open, grants access to potential future earnings and saves the jobs of over 1000 employees. A decision that clearly seeks to ensure the common good of the company by giving them the ability to remain competitive while remaining silent on an issue that poses substantial risks to the cellular phone manufacturers earnings and reputation. The alternative, replacing all the processors would undoubtedly ensure that the processors function as advertised, but doing so would be at a significant cost to the company and may likely result in massive downsizing or the company’s declaration of insolvency. Though this option speaks positively to the moral character of the company, it may also lead to the company’s demise and leave over 1000 employees jobless. Both decisions, in light of the situation presented, may be considered to be ethical. A predicament which may undoubtedly lead a person to question how does one choose between several ethical options and more importantly what exactly guides this choice. The answer to these questions can be found in a branch of philosophy called theoretical ethics. Theoretical ethics is the rational reflection on what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behaviour according to [https://www.boundless.com/marketing /textbooks/boundless-marketing-textbook/social-responsibility-ethics-in-marketing-16/ethics-an-overview-101/definition-  of-ethics-498-8310/]. This branch of philosophy is exercised via the application the application of ethical theory. Ethical theories are those that represent the grand ideas which guide ethical principles and systematically attempt to answer the fundamental practical ethical questions [Ethical Theories http://www.medindia.net/education/familymedicine/biomedical-ethics-theories.htm#ixzz3H84Tlgi3] Ethical theories can be categorized according to how they justify ethical judgments [https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/resources/ethics-in-a-nutshell/#theoretical ] and as such the particular ethical theory utilized can influence the decision made. This essay will therefore seek to examine the concepts of the common good and moral character and fundamental human virtue, their supportive ethical theories and explain how they are applied to making ethical decisions in businesses. Common Good Also referred to as the human good, public good or commonweal, the concept of the common good is one that has evolved over time. As human society developed, so too did the concept, as articulated by the philosophers of the day. Originating with the Greek Philosopher Aristotle who, on the topic wrote â€Å"Every skill and every enquiry, and similarly every action and rational choice, is thought to aim at some good; and so the good has been aptly described as that at which everything aims†. He went on to reason that â€Å"since political science employs the other sciences, and also lays down the laws about what we should do and refrain from, its end will include the ends of the others, and will therefore be the human good.† http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99036947.pdf . Aristotle firstly explained his idea of the good, which according to his writings can then be understood to mean the purpose, reason, desire or benefit of things and actions. The idea of the good sets the premise for understanding the human good, the good that yields the most benefit to human existence. The human good, in Aristotle’s view, was the science of politics since it was the science charged with managing all other sciences and their respective ends for a single purpose; the betterment of the polity. The underlying premise of Aristotle’s definition of the common good is utility. It involves a multiplicity of agents working towards a single shared purpose that would  satisfy or be of benefit to all involved. This single purpose, shared by many, for the benefit of many is therefore what is understood to be the common good; a concept that shares an ideal that is similar to utilitarian theory as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills. UTILITARIANISM AND THE COMMON GOOD The basic premise of utilitarianism is the achievement of happiness for the greatest sum of people [ethics in action Domenec Mele]. This principle places the interest of the many over the interest of the few and as such the rightness or wrongness of an act is based only on the perceived or expected outcomes of that act as it relates to the utility obtained. http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills were the main proponents of this ideology, and though they had differing views on which outcome of act (happiness vs. pleasure) was worth measuring in order to determine the rightness or wrongness of an act they both held that human wellbeing was salient. http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html Utilitarianism can be considered to be an ethical theory. It represents a grand idea; achievement of maximum utility for most, and at the same time, assesses the rightness or wrongness of an action through the lenses of this idea. The utilitarian principle can therefore be used to ethically guide or judge the ethicality of decisions and actions. Utilitarianism as an ethical theory acts in pursuance to the common good https://philosophynow.org/issues/64/Presidential_Decision-Making_Utilitarianism_vs_Duty_Ethics . As previously expressed, a single purpose, shared by many, for the benefit of many is therefore what is understood to be the common good. This concept is similar to utilitarianism as is evident by the mutual aim of achieving maximum utility for many. As such, decisions and actions resulting from utilitarian theory are made based on the consequences of those decision and actions, and how they affect majority with an aim to always increase utility. Utilitarianism as a theory may then be seen as the tool through which the common good may be achieved. https://philosophynow.org/issues/64/Presidential_Decision-Making_Utilitarianism_vs_Duty_Ethics COMMON GOOD OF BUSINESSES The theories of the common good and utilitarianism although initially conceptualized on a societal scale are also applicable to smaller groups that occur within society. Both concepts are formulated purely on the idea that it is best to achieve utility for the majority of stakeholders and as such the size of the group is not an important attribute for consideration when applying these ideas. Utilitarian as a theory and the common good as a concept can therefore be viewed as reducible and as such be applied to virtually any group in society including a business. The common good of a business is to seek particular goods through its activities http://www.iese.edu/es/files/Paper_Antonio%20Argando%C3%B1a_tcm5-36013.pdf . These goods are extrinsic, intrinsic and transcendent in nature and are used to provide utility to stakeholders by satisfying their needs http://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/DI-0777-E.pdf . These goods are interdependent of each other, but through their collective contributions, work towards the achievement of the vision and mission of a business. The vision and mission of a business may then be considered to be that business’s common good [domenec mele bookl]. Interestingly however, a business seeking its own common good also works towards the common good of society [domenec mele bookl]. As suggested by Adam Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand, a business in pursuit of its own interests tends to also promote the good of society as a whole [domenec mele bookl]. Therefore the activities of a business: 1. creating added economic value with justice and distributing it with equity 2. supplying useful goods and services efficiently and fairly 3. providing jobs, opportunities and organizational conditions in accordance with human dignity and human rights 4. Promoting the necessary relationships between the firm and its constitutive stakeholders, fostering rec iprocity, collaboration and cooperation among them 5. Striving for the continuity and sustainability of the firm and 6. being a good corporate citizen  may be viewed as contributing to not only its own common good but also to the common good of society. [domenec mele bookl] COMMON GOOD DECISION MAKING IN A BUSINESS A common good decision in a business is any decision that is pursuant its own common good and, at the same time, is aimed at achieving maximum utility for  the majority of stakeholders. This type of decision making applies a mission driven approach to corporate governance where the organization is seen as one entity that achieves multiple ends. In applying this approach the corporate governing body weighs the positive and negative consequences of an action with an aim towards increasing overall utility for the many with the business’s vision and mission as its main goal [domenec mele]. It would then stand to reason that a common good business decision would be any decision that is utilitarian in nature, which is also in accordance with any of the 6 mentioned activities of a business. Common good business decisions are made through the application of utilitarian theory. Utilitarian theory provides a straightforward method for making decisions that would provide the greatest benefits and the least harm to the business. To arrive at such a decision, one must firstly identify the each of the various options that can be chosen http://www.sme.ie/articles/business_ethics/thinking_ethically.pdf . After the options are identified, the foreseeable benefits and harms that may result from each option are determined http://www.sme.ie/articles/business_ethics/thinking_ethically.pdf . Lastly, one compares the options and chooses the option that provides the greatest benefits and the least amount of harm to the business http://www.sme.ie/articles/business_ethics/thinking_ethically.pdf . In the utilitarian view, an option chosen via this ethical theory is considered to be morally right http://www.sme.ie/articles/business_ethics/thinking_ethically.pdf and is therefore ethical. This decision making process may be likened to the cost benefit analysis, a commonly used business decision making tool. Although one may arrive at ethical decisions through the application of utilitarian theory, there are several disadvantages of using this ethical theory. Utilitarianism suggests that the decision maker assigns values to benefits and harms and subsequently compares these benefits and harms, this makes the utilitarian decision making process highly subjective http://www.sme.ie/articles/business_ethics/thinking_ethically.pdf . Predicting all the consequences of an action is difficult and as such it is possible that consequences which may cause great benefit or harm to the business are not factored into the decision making process. This method also, ignores the concept of justice and as such may cause several  particular groups to be repeatedly disadvantaged for the betterment of the organization. Because of the critiques of this ethical theory it can be reasoned tha t it is best used in situations that are amoral or situations where the rightness or wrongness of a decision is not in question. An example or an ideal amoral situation is a situation where all the available options are moral. The application of this ethical approach in such situations removes the need for the consideration of justice and therefore addresses a major flaw of the utilitarian process. MORAL CHARACTER AND FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN VIRTUES Another concept that informs ethical decision making is moral character and fundamental human virtues. The idea of Moral character and virtues has always been a prominent topic of philosophical discussion among ancient philosophers. The foundation of these discussions was centralized in the goodness of humans and in particular, trying to discern what makes a person good http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-character/ . As such, a person’s character became the logical starting point in the resolution of this issue http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-character/#WhyChaMat . One’s traits and actions is what determines one’s character. Character, which is understood to mean the assemblage of qualities that distinguishes one individual from another http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-character/#WhyChaMat is comprised of the relatively stable traits or behaviours that a person consistently exhibits. Although all of these traits are not moral nature, they may have a significant impact on a person’s moral characterhttp://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/#SH1a . A person’s Moral Character is influenced by moral character traits and practical wisdom. A moral character trait is a disposition of character for which a person is morally responsible or is deserving of the resultant reactive attitudes. http://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/#SH1a. Virtues, traits that are deserving of positive reactive attitudes such as praise or gratitude and vices, traits that are deserving of negative reactive attitudes, when combined with proper reasoning about the matter at hand, collectively inform moral character http://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/#SH1a. In other words; virtues, vices and by extension moral character is not only influenced by the disposition of  character, but also by practical wisdom. http://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/#SH1a Practical wisdom is an intellectual virtue that is required for the development of virtues of character. This intellectual virtue is acquired through learning general rules and practice. Throughout the course of one’ s life, we encounter situations that require reasoning to determine what actions are appropriate. It is through these experiences that practical wisdom is developed. Practical wisdom, when combined with â€Å"proper habits† fuels the development of virtues such as justice, courage and temperance. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/] Justice, courage and temperance are virtues which provide us with the interior strength to act well [domenec mele]. Justice governs relationships and it regulates one’s inclination to possess, to share and to give whilst, courage, the virtue of preserving or pursuing what is good despite the obstacles, regulates one’s inclination to overcome the obstacles to doing â€Å"good†. Lastly temperance regulates one’s inclination towards pleasure and is that virtue which provides self-mastery and avoidance of immoderate attachments [domenec mele]. These virtues each have common characteristics of providing a self-regulatory feature and encouraging behaviours that are in keeping with human excellence. As such, these virtues are considered to be fundamental [domenec mele]. FUNDAMENTAL VIRTUES AND DEONTOLOGY The theory of deontology states we are morally obligated to act in accordance with a certain set of principles and rules regardless of outcome. Deontological theories holds that some acts are always wrong, even if the act leads to an admirable outcome and as such, in deontology the morality of an action is judged without regard for the outcome of that action. Deontology is based on the view of the human being having the unique capacity for rationality and it is exactly this ability that requires human beings to act in accordance with moral law or duty. http://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/morality-101/kantian-duty-based-deontological-ethics In the deontological view, morality and moral character is primarily a function of acting in accordance with duties or obligations, regardless of the consequences of acting in accordance with those duties http://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-ch/ . Deontological theory goes on to apply  this categorical imperative to making all decision â€Å"Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law† http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/Cavalier/80130/part2/sect8.html . This categorical imperative is Kant’s only guideline to making decisions. Simply explained it states that one should decide on an action only if they agree that everyone else should perform that action in all the time. To be able to act in accordance with duty, fundamental virtues are required. Duties may be either perfect (precise, specifiable and enforceable) or imperfect (unspecific and unenforceable) in nature. Perfect duties require that one forgoes certain actions in order to be able to act in accordance with such a duty. Imperfect duties on the other hand, are duties to adopt certain ends and because of its unenforceable nature require self-mastery and strength of will. Continence therefore becomes a necessity for acting in accordance with duty. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-character/#Kan Continence or self-control requires the exercise of virtues, namely those of practical wisdom, temperance, courage and justice. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.7.vii.html MORAL CHARACTER OF COMPANIES The ideas of moral character and fundamental virtues, though originally conceptualized to examine the ‘goodness’ of a person, can also be expanded to analyse the moral character of groups particularly businesses. Moral character is assessed as previously indicated by evaluating a person’s commitment to virtues or exercise of duty. The same method of assessment can be applied to a business. The moral character of a company may be determined through its duty based activities. The perfect duties of a company are those to which it is legally obligated whereas its imperfect duties deals are those where the company isn’t legally obligated but are duty bond to adopt particular ends. As such, the company’s adherence to the laws of the land, how the company treats with contractual agreements, examination of the company’s ethical policy or code and review of the company’s decision to ensure that they are in accordance with the company’s duties are the factors that influence the moral character of a company.

Evidence of Bad Character Case Study

Evidence of Bad Character Case Study 1.That Z had sex with T D H The evidence that Z had sex with T D H can be admitted with the agreement of all the parties[1]. However it is unlikely that Z would agree that this evidence could be admitted therefore that X would have to rely on one of the other provisions of section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in order to admit the evidence. Section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 stipulates, â€Å"Evidence of the bad character of a person other than the defendant is admissible if and only if: It is important explanatory evidence, It has substantial probative value in relation to a matter which – is a matter in issue in the proceedings, and is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole, or all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible Therefore it is likely that Z will try and admit this evidence under s100(1)(b) arguing that it has substantial probative value in relation to a matter that is either a matter in issue in the proceedings or that is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole. In order to determine whether or not the evidence has substantial probative value case law prior to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 should be considered where it was considered that such evidence could be admitted if it was â€Å"striking similarity[2]†and of â€Å"sufficient probative force to overcome prejudice.[3]† It is likely that this evidence will be admitted. 2.That Z was convicted of wasting police time The evidence that Z had been convicted of wasting police time could again be admitted if both parties agree to the evidence being admitted. However it is unlikely that Z would agree that this evidence can be admitted therefore that X would have to rely on one of the other provisions of section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in order to admit the evidence. Section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 stipulates that â€Å"evidence of the bad character of a person other than the defendant is admissible if and only if: It is important explanatory evidence, It has substantial probative value in relation to a matter which – is a matter in issue in the proceedings, and is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole, or all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible Therefore it is likely that Z will try and admit this evidence under s100(1)(b) arguing that it has substantial probative value in relation to a matter that is either a matter in issue in the proceedings or that is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole. In order to determine whether or not the evidence has substantial probative value case law prior to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 should be considered, as above and in consideration of that evidence it is unlikely that the evidence will be admitted. This does not appear to be of substantial importance and it is likely that the jury could reach the right conclusion without hearing this evidence. 3.That W is a lesbian who is prejudiced against men The evidence that W is a lesbian who is prejudiced against men can be admitted with the agreement of all the parties[4]. However it is unlikely that W would agree that this evidence could be admitted therefore that X would have to rely on one of the other provisions of section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in order to admit the evidence. Section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 stipulates, â€Å"evidence of the bad character of a person other than the defendant is admissible if and only if: It is important explanatory evidence, It has substantial probative value in relation to a matter which – is a matter in issue in the proceedings, and is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole, or all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible Therefore it is likely that Z will try and admit this evidence under s100(1)(b) arguing that it has substantial probative value in relation to a matter that is either a matter in issue in the proceedings or that is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole. On this basis it is unlikely that this evidence will be admitted. 4.Psychiatric evidence in respect of Y The evidence that Y is suffering from Potipahr’s Wife Syndrome can be admitted by agreement by the parties. [5] However it is unlikely that Y would agree that this evidence could be admitted therefore that X would have to rely on one of the other provisions of section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 in order to admit the evidence. Section 100 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 stipulates that â€Å"evidence of the bad character of a person other than the defendant is admissible if and only if: It is important explanatory evidence, It has substantial probative value in relation to a matter which – is a matter in issue in the proceedings, and is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole, or all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible X will need to argue that the evidence is important explanatory evidence. Evidence is â€Å"important explanatory evidence† for these purposes if â€Å"(a) without it, the court or jury would find it impossible or difficult properly to understand other evidence in the case, and (b) its value for understanding the case as a whole is substantial[6]. Except in relation to evidence of conduct, which is alleged to be similar to matters in dispute at the trial, evidence of witness’s bad character may not be adduced without the leave of the court[7]. Section 100(3) identifies certain factors to be taken into account by the trial judge, alongside any others considered relevant, in exercising his discretion to grant leave to allow bad character evidence to be given. Such factors include the number of relevant incidents, the lapse of time, and other common sense considerations relating to similarities between past and present conduct and questions of contested identity. Therefor e such evidence will only be admitted if it bears substantial probative value, and the court grants leave. It would therefore be concluded that in this instance that the evidence would be admitted. 5.Previous evidence of V Assuming as discussed above that the X is not successful in admitting any of the evidence (as if he is this will mean that the evidence of his bad character and previous convictions will automatically be admitted) the Criminal Justice Act 2003 contains a dedicated scheme of rules to regulate the admissibility of evidence of the accused’s extraneous misconduct in s101 (1). These rules are different from those rules that exist for the admittance of other witness’s previous character. In criminal proceedings evidence of the defendant’s bad character is admissible if, but only if – all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible, the evidence is adduced by the defendant himself or is given in answer to a question asked by him in cross-examination and intended to elicit it, It is important explanatory evidence, It is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution It has substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in issue between the defendant and a co-defendant, It is evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant, of The defendant has made an attack on another person’s character Therefore this evidence can be admitted by agreement by the parties however this is unlikely. Therefore it is likely that the prosecution will attempt to admit the evidence under sections c and d and this are provisions, which are concerned with similar fact evidence. One significant dimension of the â€Å"similar facts† cases concerned the dangers posed by deliberate collusion between witnesses or innocent cross-contamination of their evidence. In determining the admissibility of evidence of the accused’s misconduct in the first instance, however, section 109 obliges the court to treat the evidence as true, unless â€Å"it appears, on the basis of any material before the court (including any evidence it decides to hear on the matter), that no court or jury could reasonably find it to be true[8]. Therefore given the similarities between the previous incident and the current one it is likely that this information will be allowed to be admitted into the current proceedings. The reason for this is that the evidence can either be considered to be important explanatory evidence or alternatively that it is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution 6.X’s previous conviction of Exposure The CJA 2003 contains a dedicated scheme of rules to regulate the admissibility of evidence of the accused’s extraneous misconduct in s101(1): In criminal proceedings evidence of the defendant’s bad character is admissible if, but only if – all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible, the evidence is adduced by the defendant himself or is given in answer to a question asked by him in cross-examination and intended to elicit it, It is important explanatory evidence, It is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution It has substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in issue between the defendant and a co-defendant, It is evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant, of The defendant has made an attack on another person’s character Therefore this evidence can be admitted by agreement by the parties however this is unlikely. Therefore it is likely that the prosecution will attempt to admit the evidence under sections c and d and this are provisions, which are concerned with similar fact evidence. One significant dimension of the â€Å"similar facts† cases concerned the dangers posed by deliberate collusion between witnesses or innocent cross-contamination of their evidence. In determining the admissibility of evidence of the accused’s misconduct in the first instance, however, section 109 obliges the court to treat the evidence as true, unless â€Å"it appears, on the basis of any material before the court (including any evidence it decides to hear on the matter), that no court or jury could reasonably find it to be true[9]. Section 107 where evidence of the accused’s bad character has been admitted into the trial without the accused’s agreement, under section 101(1) paragraphs (c)-(g), and the court is satisfied at any time after the close of the prosecution’s case that (i) that evidence is contaminated such that (ii) a conviction would be unsafe, â€Å"the court must either direct the jury to acquit the defendant of this offence or, if it considers that there ought to be a retrial, discharge the jury†. Either way, proceedings will not be allowed to continue if it emerges during the course of the trial that material evidence of bad character has been contaminated. A previous conviction can be admitted as evidence of propensity if it falls into either: (i) one of the categories of offences; or (ii) the statement of the offence in a written charge or indictment would be the same. Thus, a person who has been convicted of actual bodily harm and is now charged with actual bodily harm will fall into the second category (same description)-but a person who has been convicted of theft and is now charged with burglary would not. However, the Home Office will introduce two sets of categories of offences-the first broadly comprising all Theft Act offences, the second comprising sexual offences involving sexual contact with children. Therefore given the similarities between the previous incident and the current one it is likely that this information will be allowed to be admitted into the current proceedings. The reason for this is that the evidence can either be considered to be important explanatory evidence or alternatively that it is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution 7.Directing the Jury Because of the statutory grounding of the criminal evidence rules the rules on directing the jury, in relation to similar fact evidence and evidence of bad character have altered somewhat. The provisions that we are concerned with here are contained within Section 107 where evidence of the accused’s bad character has been admitted into the trial without the accused’s agreement, under section 101(1) paragraphs (c)-(g), and the court is satisfied at any time after the close of the prosecution’s case that (i) that evidence is contaminated such that (ii) a conviction would be unsafe, â€Å"the court must either direct the jury to acquit the defendant of this offence or, if it considers that there ought to be a retrial, discharge the jury†. Either way, proceedings will not be allowed to continue if it emerges during the course of the trial that material evidence of bad character has been contaminated. Finally, there is a power for the court to discharge the jury and either direct an acquittal or order a retrial if a judge, having admitted evidence of bad character, later decides that such evidence was contaminated. Contamination is defined in terms of evidence that is false or misleading in any respect, as a result of the witness who gave the evidence either having agreed to give false evidence, or being affected by hearing other evidence in the case. It seems these provisions are aimed particularly at allegations of multiple sexual abuse where other allegations are, on occasion, felt to be the consequence of collaboration by different witnesses. In such cases it would be open to the judge to cure the problem by direction to the jury, but where it is felt that direction is inadequate and any subsequent conviction would be unsafe, the judge is empowered to discharge the jury. In conclusion therefore if the judge is satisfied with the evidence and there is no evidence of contamination or collusion then this evidence of the defendant’s previous bad character will be admitted. Bibliography Legislation Criminal Justice Act 2003 Books Dennis I, (2002) â€Å"The Law of Evidence†, Sweet and Maxwell Huxley P O’Connell M, (2004) â€Å"Statutes on Evidence†, Oxford University Press McEwan J, (1998) â€Å"Evidence and the Adversarial Process, Hart Publishing Tapper C, (2003) â€Å"Cross and Tapper on Evidence, Oxford University Press Zuckermann A Roberts P, (2004) â€Å"Criminal Evidence, Oxford University Press 1 Footnotes [1] S100 (1) (C) [2] DPP v Boardman 1975] AC 421 HL [3] DPP v P [1991] 2 AC 447 at 460 [4] S100 (1) (C) [5] S100 (1) (C) [6] S100(2) [7] S100(4) [8] S 109 (2) [9] S 109 (2)

The Dark Side of Social Networking Essay -- facebook, twitter, sexting

There are many social networks that have created broad connections between people in the past years. Since the creation of Social Media, countless numbers of people have begun joining them due to their rising popularity and free cost of a download. These networks help create a virtual realm for users to be themselves or whoever they want to be at their discretion. Escaping all the troubles and heartaches that the real world has in store for you is only temporary until the next time you log on. The most common issue that is up for debate that you must continually ask yourself is â€Å"Is Social Networking a good or bad thing?† I think social networking is a negative influence on people. . I believe taking caution is necessary for people using social networks due to the negative ramifications that follow after long term usage of them. You can access Twitter, Facebook, and other social Medias at the touch of a finger. There are some positive influences that social networking has to offer; people can develop â€Å"life-long relationships† as well as becoming more cyber social which could possibly break the fear barrier for introverted individuals (Taylor). For others, it seems we have made social networking have higher importance in our everyday lives. We wake up in the morning and the first thing we do is check our Twitter or Facebook. Relying on these social networks to keep our lives balanced has become more of a nuisance than a solution to our social problems. The more we use these social media every day, the more we continue to render ourselves helpless to facing the harsh reality of the real world that we live in. Favored networks such as Facebook, allow you to build an easy web of friends and acquaintances, and share with them your pho... ...en-suicides-cyberbullying-102212/>. Capeless , David F. "Sexting." Berkshire District Attorney. N.p., 1 16 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . Borreli, Lizette. "Why Couples Engage In Unwanted Sexting: Half Of Men And Women 'Requisext' Because Of Abandonment Anxiety." Medical Daily. N.p., 1 2 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . Ngak, Chenda. "Facebook may cause stress, study says." CBS News. N.p., 11 27 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . Smith, Aaron. "Social Networks and Depression." Chicago Tribune. N.p., n. d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. .

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of affirmative action is to ensure equal opportunity for minorities. But it has strayed from its original intent and has become largely a program to achieve not equal opportunity but equal results. It is a system of quotas forced upon American businesses and working class by the federal government. A law which forces people to look at race before looking at the individual cannot promote equal opportunity. Affirmative action continues the judgement of minorities by race; it causes reverse discrimination, and contradicts its purpose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is not creating a colorblind society. In fact it continues the judgement of minorities according to race. Affirmative action forces employers and colleges to lower the standard for minorities. It also is demeaning to minorities who want to be judged by their actions, not their skin color.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When companies are hiring or promoting, or when a college decides which applicants to accept, many are unable to judge by merit alone. They are required by law to make race a deciding factor in their decisions in order to meet the mandated quotas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is also demeaning to most minorities. It makes them feel as though the government views them as having less ability than others. It also forces minorities to be compared to their own race instead of the overall population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason why affirmat...

Discussion About Genetically Modified Foods Essay

Outline Introduction a. The genetically modified foods are a long issue which is widely debated. b. People feel confused about their safety. I. Views a. ) Magana-Gomez’s argument. b. ) He argues that negative effects of GM food were identified â€Å"at molecular and microscopic levels†. c. ) Curieux-Belfond CL contends that the benefits of genetically modified foods far outweigh the disadvantages. II. Genetically modified foods: Beneficial views & Adverse views a. What is the possible risk for genetically modified crops considering nutrition and health? b. Whether the economic effects are the most important?c. Will it bring severe environment problems? III. Arguments for beneficial effects of GM foods a. Firstly, transgenic technology has made considerable progress in food applications. b. Transgenic food has successfully lowered food prices and ensured food safety. c. GM foods significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Introduction The author, Magana-Gomez, critically analyzed the risk assessment methods of transgenic food for human nutrition and health in the paper, â€Å"Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health†. Magana reviewed various modes including different feeding period, animal modes and parameters in the paper published in 2011 by Nutrition Reviews (Magana G, 2009). In consistent with his studies, negative effects of GM food were identified â€Å"at molecular and microscopic levels†. However, with our entry into the 21st century, genetically modified foods have undergone even faster development. However, there are also many doubts about the safety of genetically modified foods. Therefore, genetically modified foods have become a hot topic issue. Personally, although there are many controversies about GM food, I still insist on the research and promotion of transgenic food due to its diverse benefits. Views According to Curieux-Belfond CL, he could identify the factors that deserve consideration before â€Å"commercialization and promotion of transgenic food† (182). In this paper, â€Å"Factors to condider before production and commercialization of aquatic genetically modified organisms: the case of transgenic salmon†, the author took transgenic salmon as an example, in which Curieux-Belfond examined the corresponding impacts in terms of aquaculture, wildlife, ecosystem and human health. The paper published in 2011 by Evironmental Science & Policy suggested that GM food undoubtedly contributed to economic benefits without exerting too much extra burden (Curieux B, 2009). In the end, the author believed that the benefits of genetically modified foods far outweigh the disadvantages. Analysis of the benefits of genetically modified foods Magana’s argument is persuasive when he assessed the risks about GM food. However, since genetic engineering techniques have successfully transferred anti-viral, insect resistance, cold resistance and other genes to cotton, wheat, tomatoes and other plants, we can get stable new varieties of genetically modified, with low production cost and high-yield food, which will ease the world food shortage and reduce the use of pesticides to a large extent. Based on the above reasons, I will provide a critical analysis with the following specific examples which show his argument is partially wrong. Firstly, transgenic technology has also made considerable progress in animal food applications. At present, a variety of mammal and bird genes are successfully integrated into the genome of fish, which can significantly enhance transgenic fish muscle protein content and improve growth speed. With the development of genetic engineering technology, people have been freed from natural enzymes to a large extent. Especially when the enzyme obtained from natural protein material encounters difficulties, genetic engineering has the unique advantages of natural gene cloning (Seralini GE, 2011). Thus, it can be highly expressed in microorganisms with mass production by fermentation. At present, the transgenic enzymes are widely used in the food industry, such as maltose enzymes amylase, pectinase and the juice protease. The food nutritional quality modified by genetic engineering has also made remarkable achievements. For instance, the genetic engineering technology has been applied for seed protein improvement, which renders it possible to change the plant composition and amino acid content. Secondly, transgenic food has successfully lowered food prices and ensured food safety, which helps increase production and food supply while reducing the farm labor and pesticide applications, agricultural inputs and production costs (Weasel LH, 2009). In the future, GM crops have great potential in solving the food crisis. For instance, by applying transgenic technology to the human staple foods of rice and wheat, people can increase food production and improve nutritional quality, which will provide mankind with higher-quality food. Furthermore, GM foods have also proved effective in alleviating poverty and hunger. The world’s poorest 50% of the population are small and resource-poor farmers, while 20% living in rural areas without their own land actually depend on agriculture. Therefore, the increase in small-scale and resource-poor farmers’ income will directly assist 70% of the world’s poorest people (Curieux-Belfond O, 2009). So far, genetically modified cotton in India, China and South Africa have already made a significant contribution to more than 1. 2 million poor farmers’ income. The benefits of genetically modified corn in the Philippines and South Africa will be much clearer in the future. In addition, genetically modified rice has great potential to benefit 250 million poor families in Asia, whose benefits will reach 10 million people (Curieux-Belfond O, 2009). Transgenic food also helps to reduce land development. Transgenic technology has been developed to improve the current 1. 5 billion hectares of arable land productivity through conservation of biological resources, thereby reducing land development and deforestation. Thirdly, I will demonstrate such improvement since they significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Traditional agriculture has a significant impact on the environment, and transgenic biotechnology can help reduce this impact. In the first decade of application of genetically modified crops, by planting herbicide and insect-resistant characteristics, transgenic technologies have greatly reduced the use of pesticides, saved fossil fuels and reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Undoubtedly, genetically modified crops with drought-tolerant genes will improve water-use efficiency and maintain sustainable agricultural development, which will play an important role in easing the crisis of population growth and global food shortage (Artemis D, 2009). GM crops have also contributed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in two main ways, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping slow climate change. First, by reducing fuel use, the spraying of insecticides and herbicides, GM crops continue to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In 2007, genetic engineering has been stated to reduce 1. 1 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions, which is equivalent to a decrease of 50 million cars from the road. Secondly, herbicide-resistant GM crops help reduce tillage applications, which protects the land and enhances soil carbon sequestration. Conclusions Despite the many advantages of GM food, we cannot ignore the risks. After genetically modified foods have been taken into the human body, they may cause harm to human health. Moreover, after a large number of transgenic crops come into nature, they may be biologically harmful to ecosystems. Since the risks of GM food is serous, it is important for us to reflect on it first. Any of the scientific and technological developments should be comprehensive and provide well-being for human life. If genetically modified foods can only increase our economic interests and improved material life without the moral, social and environmental harmony, they cannot be defined as making great contribution to social development. Therefore, whether GM food is a benefit or a disadvantage really depends on what kind of human values people hold (Qaim M. 2009). That is the question we reflect on deeply. In contemporary society, with the rapid development of science and technology, the economic situation of the human and the material standard of living has been soaring. It seems that mankind is taking great proud for the advanced technology. However, we should look back to what the living environment we rely on is subjected to. Therefore, genetically modified foods are seen as the savior of mankind, which is actually human self-centered ideology. Of course, with the continuous development of biotechnology and genetic engineering, human beings have the ability to create more genetically modified food. Therefore, the drawbacks of genetically modified food are not the technology itself, but rather due to humans themselves. Thus, personally, I fully sanction the development of GM foods while we should objectively analyze the potential risks. Reference Artemis D. 2009. â€Å"Health risks of genetically modified foods. † Food Science and Nutrition. 49. (2):164-175. Curieux B, Vandelac L, ect. 2009. â€Å"Factors to condider before production and commercialization of aquatic genetically modified organisms: the case of transgenic salmon. † Evironmental Science & Policy. 12. (2):170-189. Magana G, Javier A, Calderon de la Barca, Ana M. 2009. â€Å"Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health. † Nutrition Reviews. 67 (1):1-16. Qaim M. 2009. â€Å"The economics of genetically modified crops. † Annual Review of Resource Economics. 1:665-693. Seralini GE, Mesnage R, ect. 2011. â€Å"Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possible improvements. † Environmental Sciences Europe. 23. (10): 1-10. Weasel LH. 2009. â€Å"Food Fray: Inside the Controversy over Genetically Modified Food. † American Management Association. Amacom, 86-150. Print.