Kaiser Wilhelm II and The First World War Essay

The British postcard illustrates Kaiser Wilhelm II in a bath, where he is about to grab a bar of soap labelled â€Å"Europe†, with a caption quoting â€Å"He won’t be happy till he gets it.† This suggests he is willing to use force to capture Europe. Wilhelm is wearing a military helmet and has a greedy expression on his face, which gives us the impression he is willing to fight for what he wants. Sources B and C both differ, but both of them agree that Wilhelm’s attitude towards the war was very violent. In source B, Wilhelm’s speech seems to be taken over by his emotions: anger, aggression, passion and lots of determination. He refers to certain phrases such as â€Å"take no prisoners†, â€Å"must be destroyed† and â€Å"ruthless violence.† Words such as these show us that he wants trouble. However in source C, there is more talk of peace. It seems to be a more subdued and more thoughtful speech. â€Å"I was always a supporter of peace.† But then he goes on to say how peace â€Å"has its limits.† And he can â€Å"no longer just look on, but must draw the sword!† This giving the final conclusion that Kaisers attitude towards the war has not changed since 1900 although he has become more diplomatic. This postcard may be biased, as the British whom were about to go to war with him produced it. Britain wanted to portray him in as much negative light as possible, therefore this postcard might not be truthful. But using my own knowledge, I know that Kaiser Wilhelm II was an aggressive man who came from an aggressive country and to control Europe was his sole ambition. Also, Britain was aware of Wilhelm’s objectives and to some extent holds him responsible for the Moroccan Crises. They therefore have a good reason to portray him in this way. â€Å"The Kaiser was a warmonger and caused the Great War.† The evidence given in the sources supports this statement and also disagrees with it. Source A clearly supports this view. The cartoon shows Wilhelm greedily snatching Europe, along with the war helmet, which indicates war. Source B backs this statement too. There is no sign of peaceful man in his speech. In this he says he wants Germans to acquire a similar reputation as Attila’s Huns did in the fifth century. Attila was the King of the German tribe the Huns who ravaged Eastern Europe. But there is talk of peace in his later speech (1913), although this hopeful thought is dampened by the indications of war â€Å"Must draw the sword.† However, using my own knowledge I know that the Great War was not only the fault of Wilhelm’s, there was many other reasons. In my opinion, rivalries were the main factor, which brought about the First World War. Without rivalries, no one would have a cause to start a war. There were many rivalries; Britain and Germany; France and Germany; Austria-Hungary and Russia and Serbia and Austria. These rivalries helped to cause war between the powers of Europe because they all wanted to fight for one reason or another. Another factor was alliances. With alliances, everyone was dragged into war, whether they liked it or not. In this case, it couldn’t be avoided. And lastly, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the catalyst. This gave Austria a perfect opportunity to declare war on Serbia. With this, Austria and Serbia were at war along with their allies. It caused great destruction as most countries were involved. This is proof that the Kaiser did not cause the Great War, as you need two countries to have a war. Cause the war he did not, but a warmonger he may be.

Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated

In my setting policies and procedures are developed and communicated on an ongoing basis. Various teachers are responsible for individual policies based on their experience, training and knowledge. Each individual policy is available in the school office for reference via hard paper copy or electronically.If an issue arises that needs discussion which is not addressed by the school’s policies, a meeting will be scheduled were all interested parties will attend. At this meeting each attendee contributes ideas and initially a draft policy will hopefully be agreed. This draft policy will then be presented by the head teacher to the board of governors for their approval. If it is approved and falls within the domain of the national curriculum the new policy will have to be trained out to all the relevant staff and perhaps even parents and children.At my setting policies are monitored on an ongoing basis and are updated where necessary. Sometimes the local education authority may r equire a new policy to be introduced to the school. Again all existing staff may require training to ensure the new policy is communicated and implemented satisfactorily which may involve communication with others such as children, parents or other professional bodies. In my setting policies are communicated in a number ways.It can be written, for example classroom rules may be displayed on a poster and hung in a high profile area of the room. It can be verbal, for example the principal may present at the school assembly a topic of concern and what the school policy is for this concern. Letters and e mail, for example these can be posted to parents informing them of any new or change to current policy. This is often used when a written signed confirmation note is required back from the parents.To conclude the best way to inform all of school policy would be a one to one meeting between the head teacher and the relevant people. Unfortunately this would be highly impractical due to th e additional workload required and the time factor involved. Where the head teacher feels it would be of benefit to do a mass presentation to parents this is highly appropriate on a couple of occasions throughout the school year to gain parents attention but is important not to overdo it.

In Surdam Memoriam: Karl Jaekel Essay

As I read in surdam memoriam: Karl Jaekel, it showed me how society during the 1800’s throughout the 1900’s had a very negative view on Deaf people and sign language. Hard of hearing and or deaf-mute people used to be considered as a lower class. For a family to assume that a deaf child became â€Å"Deaf and dumb† by accident was not uncommon. American parents of that day were much more comfortable admitting to congenital than to adventitious deafness in their offspring. Uncle Charlie was enrolled in the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb where he was enrolled in the shoemaking department, one of the three industrial programs open to boys, and the other two were tailoring and printing. They only kept records of the pupils attendance and work instead of academic enrollment and progress. The training programs saved the state of Pennsylvania a great deal of money by putting the pupils to work for the state. Etiology statistics in 1800’s stated tha t the deaf should be carefully advised in the defect to be transmitted from generation to generation and that the future of their offspring and their own should be prudently considered before entering upon a condition so fraught with possibilities of misfortune and happiness. (Annual Report, 1887-88). The connection between articulation and eugenics is not as transparent today but when Charlie was in school it was widely believed that Deaf people would cease to marry each other if the sign language that they could only communicate with would somehow be wiped out and they were forced to speak. The views are different now in 2011 because the science and generation has grown which has made families more aware as to why certain people are born or become deaf and it is certainly more common.

Based on Stevensons evidence and the theory covered in ECO 344 do you Term Paper

Based on Stevensons evidence and the theory covered in ECO 344 do you think internet job search is improving the employment prospects of todays workers - Term Paper Example Internet provides powerful and fluid information that is of importance to any job seeker. Organisations have integrated web technology in their management, which has restructured the employment structure where employers nowadays use the internet to advertise job vacancies and recruit new employees (Fountain, 2005). People have, therefore, embraced internet as their job search tool to access the available vacancies. This essay discusses how internet job search is improving the employment prospects of today`s workers. The internet job search has enabled many new workers to find new employment opportunities from the convenience of their workplaces at lower costs. According to Stevenson (2008), 73% of households had access to internet by the year 2004 with one in four online adults visiting job websites. The people in the working class with internet access in 2004 were about 28%. Today the number has increased due to developments in many countries. For instance, in 2014, the number of people accessing internet was about 3billion according to the report released by the United Nations (Rodriguez, 2014). On contrary, today almost all employees in organisations have access to internet. This has increased their chances to search jobs with ease. Internet job search has, therefore, been an important factor in solving the frictional unemployment that is frequently occurring in many economies. Workers with aim of shifting from one organisation to another due to job satisfaction have been using internet as their quickest way of getting new jobs (Rodriguez, 2014). Today, internet job search is increasing and improving the employment prospects of workers in the following ways: Internet provides a broad range of information regarding employment opportunities thus increasing worker`s new job expectations (Fountain, 2005). For instance, almost every company has their websites

Workplace Change Over the Last 1015 Years Essay

Workplace Change Over the Last 1015 Years - Essay Example In addition, 63 percent of the executives also said that technology is also the future enabler of working styles in the future. Nevertheless, technology ranked fourth among the priority list of these executives in as far as the driving of businesses is concerned; after better productivity, culture, and cost reduction. According to these executives, VoIP, wi-fi, and ultra-mobile PC's are some of the technologies that will greatly impact on the workplaces in the next five years (Carr 2006). In this regard, flexible working is slowly becoming a common culture in some of the technologically-oriented companies. Whereas close to 91 percent of these organizations let their employees to work from home, a further 67 percent are still reliant on office attendance. For the latter group, 55 percent of the executives interviewed were optimistic that this trend will soon change (Carr 2006). Only just about 50 percent of the respondents believe that in the next five years, their workforce will still be commuting from home. Information technology has proved to be of fundamental importance in as far as organizational change is concerned. The business landscape will always have to change in line with the technological innovations in the workplace, pressure from competitors, and consumer preferences. As such, a lot of companies are now embracing information technology to streamline operations, improve business processes, increase profitability, and cut costs. The impact that information technology has had on organizational change cut across all the sections of an organization. Thus, the structure of the organization, process change, employee skill base, product delivery, and methodologies in marketing, all have to change as a response to information technology. Weber, Taylor and Fayol, as well as a couple of other theorists were of the opinion that there does exist a single and best way through which organizations can be structured. Nevertheless, organizations still vary greatly with regard to structural attributes, and this has led to the carrying out of numerous researches with a view to understanding the determinants of such variations. A lot of organizations are now becoming aware of the need to have relationships and social interactions at the workplace (Klein et al 2001). The understanding of such a phenomenon and the implications that it will have at the workplace is already proving to be a challenge to many organizations. Today, a lot of organizations struggle to keep pace with changes in the economy and the marketplace, while at the same time also seeking out for ways through which they can best enhance their financial profitability, while also enhancing the performances for their employees. Lin (2001) has described the theory of social capital in reference to the investments that organizations make in social relations, while also expecting to make returns in the marketplace. Such organizations usually embrace the culture and ethics of

The Ethical Issues Associated with the Outsourcing of Legal and Law Research Paper

The Ethical Issues Associated with the Outsourcing of Legal and Law Related Services Outsourcing to India - Research Paper Example However, a number of ethical issues have cropped up as a result of this outsourcing. The American attorneys based in the US believe that by doing so the American attorneys are losing touch with their work. With outsourcing, a number of problems crop up such as the issue of keeping control over the work and the way it's being done in the first place. While outsourcing call centers etc were more commonplace, the American companies were less forthcoming regarding outsourcing legal work overseas due to the fear of the clients' backlash and the way the labor unions would react to the use of Indian labor. The American Bar Association ethical rules clearly state that all law firms are required to pass all the cost savings on to the clients as a result of outsourcing. There are a number of legal authorities which will be studied for the purposes of this paper such as the California Rules of Professional Conduct (CRPC), ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct(Model Rules) and lastly, the California State Bar Act. There are a number of advisory bodies such as the ABA standing committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility Formal Opinions (ABA), California Standing Committee on Professional Responsibility and Conduct, San Diego County Bar Association Legal Ethics Committee etc. According to the laws regarding unauthorized practice or even abetting such practices can result in; B&P 6125: "No person shall practice law in California unless the person is an active member of the State Bar."According to CRPC1-120 "A member shall not knowingly assist in, solicit, or induce any violation of these rules or the State Bar Act." According to the definition of law provided by the case of Morgan v State bar 51 Cal. 3d 598(1990); Farnham v State Bar Cal. 3d 605, 612 (1976);"The giving of legal advice and the preparation of legal instruments and contracts by which legal rights are secured; court appearances; engaging in negotiations with opposing counsel."Â  

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age - Essay Example To illustrate her main argument, the author cites an interview done by Jay Leno in Tonight Show. Based on this interview, Sommers points out that the youth nowadays do not read the Bible, and they cannot tell what is right from wrong. The technique of using the interview is similar to telling an anecdote to attract the interest of her readers. The interview conducted with the two college students serves as the springboard to the discussion. The story attracts the attention of the readers with its humorous yet sarcastic content. The content of the interview also challenges the readers to provide their own response to the interview questions. The interview by Jay Leno functions as logos. It challenges the mind of the readers to think of the right answer to the questions posted by the host. Additionally, the result of the interview provides a basis for the author’s argument. Sommers provides the evidence first before explaining her point. The interview additionally functions as e thos. In particular, the familiarity of the readers with Jay Leno and his program, Tonight Show helps to establish credibility. Sommers relies on the credibility of Jay Leno to initially convince her readers. Nevertheless, even those who are not acquainted with Jay Leno and his show would still give merit to the given example taking into consideration that the show appears regularly on TV, and the interview called â€Å"man-on-the-street† is conducted â€Å"frequently† by the host. Readers may opine that a regular show such as Tonight Show will not stay long on national TV if it is not credible enough. Hence, one can claim that Sommers used a very good example to win her readers’ attention. Sommers further uses ethos as she mentions being a professor of ethics. This technique establishes her credibility in giving opinions on ethical issues. She cites her personal observations to further demonstrate her view. Considering her as a professor, her readers may consid er her insights valuable because they are based on her professional experience. Therefore, informing readers of her position as a college professor makes Sommers a more credible and experienced writer in the minds of the readers. Furthermore, Sommers uses pathos to convince her readers. After identifying herself as a professor of ethics, she expresses her concern for the American youth, saying, â€Å"One of the best things our schools can do for America is to set about repairing it — by confronting the moral nihilism that is now the norm for so many students.† Coming from a professor, this statement demonstrates that Sommers is genuinely concerned about the morals of students. Noting her concern, readers will be convinced of the author’s truthfulness, hence view her as a highly credible writer. Sommers divides her ideas into subheadings. Each subheading hints on a different angle of the issue, which allows the author to expound her ideas further. The first subhe ading is titled, â€Å"Conceptual Moral Chaos.† This part works in two ways. First, it implies the limitations of her scope. Second, it further builds the confidence of her readers on her claim. Reading this part fully will give readers an idea of what Sommers is pertaining to when she claims that â€Å"young people are morally confused.† Her claim about the youth may sound too judgmental for a young reader who would possibly feel skeptical about the claim. However, reading

SWOT Analysis - NYLB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SWOT Analysis - NYLB - Research Paper Example This function started since 1909 after the New York legislation passed a law which stated that the receiver would have separate responsibility and was appointed by the State Supreme Court of New York (New York Liquidation Bureau, â€Å"Home†). Mr.Bing, chief executive officer of the NYLB authored 85 bills that passed the Assembly and around 35 of the bills passed the senate and were signed into law. Among these law included the 2006 law passed by Mr.Bling which stated about the limitation of workers, recovery and clean up workers, compensation claims made by the 9/11 rescues; other law stated were the 2010 no fault divorce law, adoption of the UPMIFA statute in 2010, the law of criminal and civil penalties in the year 2008. Apart from the law stated above the chief executive also authored laws for the insurance and real estate sector so that these industries could taste success even during hard economic times. NYLB performs administrative and operational support to NYLB through economical and timely procurement of goods and services. The claims division looks after the disposition of claims which meets the criteria under the New York Security Fund, enabling NYLB to close its proceeding of estates with the allocated time. The creditor and ancillary division looks after the insolvent users and helps the Superintendent performs his responsibilities. The assets of NYLB are looked after by the finance division and the Human Resource department protects the estates by minimizing the risk (New York Liquidation Bureau-a, â€Å"About us†). The bureau does not own any assets, rather it holds and manages the assets of the security funds and estates and acts as a fiduciary for the benefits of the creditors and policyholders of the Estates. The Bureau’s total receipts for the year 2010 stood at $ 195,486,151 as compared to 2009 of $ 100,186,041 and net receipts was much higher as compared to previous year and was calculated to be $15,588,520. Cash comprised only the money which are deposited in the CDA and for longer term investment opportunities the cash is placed in the Money Market Deposit Account so that a more attractive yield is achieved. The bureau monitors the cash balance based which are in excess of insured limits and based on the information, such balances does not represents material credit risk for the New York Liquidation Bureau. Thus cash at the beginning of the year 2010 accounted to $15,022,557 and for 2009 cash was $7407191 and cash at the end of the year accounted for a total amount of $30, 611,077 in 2010 and $ 15,022,557 at the year 2009 (NYLB-c, p.3-4). Literature review The New York Liquidation Bureau performs the responsibility as a Receiver for the Superintendent of Insurance and the Bureau acts on the behalf of the superintendent in order to carry out the duties to safeguard the interest of the creditors and policyholders of the insolvent a nd impaired insurance companies. The Bureau takes care of the insolvent insurance companies in order to maximize the assets and resolve the liabilities, return back the rehabilitated insurance companies to market place so as to distribute the proceeds of the company to the creditors within the given period of time. NYLB has been performing the function of the Receiver since 1909. When the insurance company is

Cereal Aisle Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cereal Aisle Analysis - Essay Example What was immediately noted once a full comparison was made between consumer behavior and activity upon other aisles as compared to the cereal aisle was stark. Ultimately, consumers would proceed through the other aisles in something of a robotic fashion; oftentimes shopping based upon price alone. Although there were more than a few deviations from this which were noted (namely with regards to purchases such as salad dressing and/or a desire to purchase a name brand when it came to spices or flavoring), the broad majority of consumer action that was noted upon the other aisles as compared to the cereal aisle was concentric upon a desire to purchase the lowest priced item and/or the store branded alternative. However, when many of these individuals approached the cereal aisle, a different level of consumer behavior was served entirely. As such, rather than choosing the cheapest brand or being particularly health-conscious, another aspect consumer behavior that was noted on many of the aisles, individuals invariably gave in to their basic desires and preferences. This was noted as a far greater majority of branded cereal was the choice of the consumer and a much higher percentage of extraordinarily unhelpful cereal was chosen as compared to store branded/healthy alternatives. As has been defined earlier in this analysis, the individuals within the grocery store in question were specifically interested in the overall price structure and healthfulness of the food item in question. However, when they proceeded to the cereal aisle, these concerns invariably were thrown to the wind (Hurley & Lieberman, 2005). This deviation from standard consumer behavior is perhaps a very good

The Effect of Salt Concentration on Grass Growth Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Salt Concentration on Grass Growth Essay Our aim was to test the effect of different salinities on the growth of plants which what we did was measured different amounts of salt dissolved into 2 litres of water, watered the plant once with the salt water then for 9 days with pure ware. I found with my investigation that the less the salt, the more the growth of the plant. My aim was achieved by measuring the 5 fastest geminating (out of 20) and to measure the differences in growth of the plant. I also had a few difficulties in the duration of this experiment which were the sunlight on the plants direct which made the plants to begin to die and also the highest salinity plant was not growing. Introduction High salinity in the root zone effects the growth of many plant species (stunted growth), low salinity in the root zone affects the growth of this type of plant (higher growth) and/or no effect on both. Total growth and leaf area are affected. Different plant species may have different tolerances to salinity; in this case we are geminating mung beans, Still the high amounts of salt concentration that are present can cause the Mung beans germination rate to grow poorly and cause it to die at a faster rate. Having salt water in the roots can have an effect of less water being absorbed in which causes the plant to dry out. (1) Mung bean plants grow up to 18 to 36 inches this investigation will show if different amounts of salt (Nacl) will affect the growth of the average Mung Bean. 2)The average mung bean growth without any salt concentrations is 2 to 3 feet long. (3) This Experiment was carried out to see if Saltwater had affects to Mung beans and their growth. The Main aim of this experimental Investigation is to test the theory that Mung Bean growth is affected if there are High amounts of Salt in the water present in the plant. The 5 different parts to this experiment will be to set up 5 Groups of Mung Beans and in each one a different Salt concentration. (No salt, 1. 25g, 2. 5g, 5g, 7. g) Over a period of time they will be measured and referred back to the hypothesis to compare its relevance. It was Hypothesized that if the Salt Concentration in the water is increased then the Growth of The Mung bean will be effected and decrease from its normal growth rate. Materials and Method Five circular sheets of cotton wool was cut and put into styrafoam cups. 20 mung bean seeds were added to each cup then marked with a permanent marker â€Å"group 1-5† with amount of salt watered with. Place in a safe/dry place where sun is not directly pointing on. Next you are to make up salt solutions and measure each plant with correct salt solutions of 40ml each. For group (1) will have no salt in the water, group (2) will be watered with water that has 1. 25g salt dissolved in 2L (0. 06% NaCI w/v), group (3) will be watered with water that has 2. 5 g salt dissolved in 2L water (0. 123% NaCI w/v), group (4) will be watered with water that has 5 g salt dissolved in 2L water (0. 25% NaCI) and group (5) will be watered with water that has 7. 5 g salt dissolved in 2L water(0. 375% NaCI w/v) all of which of the same temperature. Be sure to keep a sample of the water in case your plant dies and you need to begin the experiment again. Ensure all conditions (same position with same sunlight kept on for the whole ten days, the correct level of salt is measured and correct amount of water is measured for the salt to dissolve, keep the temperature of the water the same every time you water, use the same amount of water to each which hydrates the plants, use same size containers for each group, ensure you use the same measuring equipment and measure at the same time of the day, every day). I observed the germinating seeds twice a day, once in the morning and once at night. I used a ruler to measure the height at 7:30pm for the whole ten days, recorded my results in a results table (a table to record the dater you collect in the experiment). Results Over the 10 days of this experiment, notes were made on the observations. For the first few days, the measurements and physical appearance remained average/ almost the same. Afterwards for the following measurements and remaining days, the plants started to show discoloration and group’s number, 1, 4 and 5 showed browning in the leaves and stem. For the remaining groups everything stayed the same and the measurements increased by a fair amount each day. As the last days approached, the last two groups were showing wrinkling and shrinking in the stem and leaves. The roots had died out and the plant started to bend down and eventually was laying on the bed of cotton wool in a brown color. (Measurements shown in figure 1) Discussion The final results of the experiment on the 10th day were, group 1 (0g of salt) 100mm, group 2 (1. 25g of salt) 108. 5mm, group 3 (2. g of salt) 100. 5mm, group 4 (5g of salt) 51mm and group 5 (7. 5g of salt) 46mm. The average results showing that by having more salt in the water have a chance of the plants to dry out faster is high. Having salt in the soil doesn’t always make the plants die, this is shown in the results above that the high salinity helps the growth of the plants but only by a small amount. (2) The last two groups had the least growth, showing that having high amounts of salt affects the plants ability to absorb water into the roots. 1) It has also supported that high amounts of salt can cause the plants to shrink in a small amount of time, which in the experiment the last two groups show that. Problems with the placing of the plants might have had too much sunlight coming through to maybe improve the growth of the beans, the plants didn’t have enough time to grow properly and have more further and specific results. Other days in the process it would rain but others it would be really sunny which didn’t make it very accurate because some days the plants didn’t even get to grow at all or they would die out because of the sun. The experiment could go for longer, to improve the results as they would have been different with just 10 ten days of growth, even less. The placing of the mung beans could have been chosen better, a place where there is less sunlight and less interference. The surface could have been better than just cotton wool, we could of used soil rather than wool which the beans may have grown better; or the groups could have had half soil and half cotton wool on the plate to compare which is the better choice.

Morphology of the Golgi Apparatus

Morphology of the Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. According to Keaton et al. (1993) he noted that the Golgi apparatus is prominent in cells involved in cell secretions of various chemical products. This is due to the level of secretory activity of these cells changes corresponding changes occur in their morphology of the organelle. Its main function is to process and package macromolecules such as proteins and lipids after their synthesis. According to Solomon et al. (2008) the Golgi apparatus which is also known as the Golgi complex was first described in 1898 by the Italian microscopist Camillo Golgi. Mr. Camillo found a way to specifically stain this organelle. However in further study Solomon et al.(2008,pg 91) stated that many investigators thought the Golgi complex was an artifact until cells were later studied with the electron microscope in the 1950s. The Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus, and in animal cells it is often close to the centrosome, a small structure near the cell centre (Albert et al. 2004).This organelle consists of a collection of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae which are piled up like a stack of plates. Solomon et al. (2008) notes that some cisternae may be distended because they are filled with cell products. Each of the flattened sacs has an internal lumen. The Golgi complex contains a number of separate compartments, as well as some that are interconnected. The stack of Golgi has three different regions which are the an entry- the cis, medial and exit-the trans. Albert et al.(2004) established that the cis face is adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum and the trans points towards the plasma membrane. Steven (1998) explained that the soluble and properly folded proteins enter the cis Golgi network via transport vesicles. They are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. If a protein has an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal reaches the cis Golgi network Steven (1998) noted that it binds to a specific receptor and is repackaged into vesicles that return it to the endoplasmic reticulum. Freeman (2003) further described that the newly synthesized proteins and lipids have been modified within the cis-cisternae 50 nm diameter coated vesicles bud of the dilated ends of this compartment and fuse with the medial cisternae. Within each region there are different enzymes that transform proteins to be secreted and membrane proteins differently. Lodish et al. (2003) discussed that this process depends on their structures and destination. After the enzymes of the medial cisternae acts on the proteins and lipids, the process continues in an assembly line fashion by c oated vesicles budding from the terminal dilations and fusing with the Trans cisternae. From the Trans (exit) cisternae the proteins and lipids will exit the Golgi and then are passed into the Trans Golgi network. Lodish et al. (2003) distinguished that after this process the macromolecules are sorted into different transport vesicles destined for the lyosomes, plasma membrane or secretion. These Golgi compartments have their own specific functions. Secretory proteins are released from the cell by exocytosis. Albert et al. (2004) clarified that in all eukaryotic cells there is a steady stream of vesicles that grow from the Trans Golgi network and combine with the plasma membrane. Goodman (1998) suggested that this exocytosis pathway performs continuously and provides newly made lipids and proteins to plasma membrane. Proteins, fats and polysaccharides are carried from the Golgi apparatus to their ultimate destination via the secretory pathway, Cooper et al.( 2009).This entails the sorting of proteins into diverse kinds of carrying vesicles which sprout from the trans Golgi network and distribute their contents to the appropriate cellular locations.Moroever Cooper et al.(2009) noted that proteins that purpose within the Golgi apparatus must be maintained within that organelle rather than being conveyed along the secretory pathway. Transportation from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface can occur by at least three routes. The simplest is the direct transport from the Trans Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Henceforth this leads to the arrangement of innovative proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane and the constant secretion of proteins from the cell. In addition to that Cooper et al. (2009) described that proteins can also be transported from the Golgi to the plasma membrane via an intermediate of recycling endosomes. Moreover these pathways which lead to continual unregulated protein secretion some cells obtain a distinct synchronized secretory pathway in which particular proteins are secreted in response to body signals. For instance regulated secretion entails the liberation of hormone from endocrine cells, the discharge of neurotransmitters from neurons and lastly the liberation of digestive enzymes from the pancreatic cells. Furthermore proteins are arranged into the synchronized secretory track in the Trans Golgi network where they are packaged into specialized secretory vesicles. This sorting appears to be mediated by cargo receptors that recognize signal patches shared by various proteins that go through the pathway, Cooper et al. (2009). Then the receptor cargo complexes selectively aggregate in cisternae of the Trans Golgi network and are then discharged by budding as immature secretory vesicles. Goodman(1998) noted that these vesicles which are bigger than transport vesicles further process their protein contents and often combine with each other to form mature secretory vesicles. Therefore the mature secretory vesicle then stores their contents until specific signals express their synthesis with the plasma membrane. For instance, the digestive enzymes manufactured by pancreatic cells are stored in mature secretory vesicles in anticipation of the existence of food in the stomach and( ileum) small i ntestine which activate their secretion. This method is known as vesicular transport. Last but not least it can be concluded that these following processes are involved in the Golgi apparatus. They are known as cisternal maturation and vesicular transport. First of all the polypeptides are synthesized on ribosomes.Keaton et al.(1993) described that the protein is then assembled and carbohydrate component is added in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover transport vesicles move the glycoprotein to Golgi Cist face. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum and starts to chemically modifying them. In Trans face glycoprotein are packaged in transport vesicles.Glycoproteins are then transported to plasma membrane and finally released from cell. Last accessed Sunday 01.11.09 Reference list Cooper, Geoffrey M. The cell: a molecular approach. 5th edition Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates; Basingstoke: Palgrave [distributor], 2009. 087893300x(pg 408-415) Essential cell biology / Bruce Alberts [et al.]. 2nd edition. New York; Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. 081533480x(pg 518,519) http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/c7.6.13.Golgi.jpg last accessed on Sunday 01/11/09 Keeton, William T Biological science / William T. Keeton, James L. Gould, with Carol Grant Gou. 5th edition. New York: Norton, 1993. 0393962237(pg 133-135) Medical cell biology / edited by Steven R. Goodman. 2nd edition Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott-Raven, 1998. 039758427x(pg 134-137) Molecular cell biology. 5th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2003. 0716743663 (pg 169,170) Solomon, Eldra Pearl Biology / Eldra Pearl Solomon, Linda R. Berg, Diana W. Martin- 8th ed. (International) New York : Brooks Cole, 2008 (pg 91-93)

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program

Physician Reluctance to Engage in Health System Program The Factors Effecting the Unwillingness of Physicians to participate in the Family Physical Program in Tehran’s Province Health System Abstract Introduction: The present study is an attempt to survey the reasons for the physicians’ reluctance to take part in the family physical program in the Tehran Province health system. Methods: Considering this purpose, the study is an applied work carried out through a correlative method in Tehran’s Province Health System in 2012.(IRAN) The study population was comprised of all the physicians in the Tehran Province health system. Participants were selected through census. A questionnaire was used for data gathering and the data were analyzed using SPSS16. Results: The mean point of economic stage,  work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems in the health centers under study were less than midpoint. Additionally, a statistically significant relationship was found between these problems and the tendency of physicians to take part in the family physician program (P Conclusion: The results indicated a significant relationship between the problems of physicians and their tendency to take part in the family physician program in Tehran. Given the necessity of creating motivation among physicians to take part in the program effectively and willfully, solving the physicians’ problems appears to be effective in motivating the physicians in this regard. Keywords: Family Physician, Referral System, Problems of Family Physicians, Health Centers Introduction Health is one of the principal rights and a valuable capital at every social level [1]. Along the main objective of the national health system, which is to improve public health where the healthy citizens have capability to take part in economic and social activities [2], there are other tasks to be fulfilled by the health system. These tasks include raising hope for a healthy life, responding to reasonable expectations of the public, reducing social gaps (social justice) and providing financial coverage for medical services [1]. It is essential, therefore, to design and adopt a proper model for health services to realize health objectives, maintain/improve health, and improve equal access to health services. In this regard, many have supported the idea of a health system in which all citizens regardless of their living condition and place (even those living in remote areas) have access to adequate specialized health services. Such services are provided by the facilities where experts are trained based on the available resources in the shortest feasible time and for reasonable costs as required by cultural and time constrains [3]. In fact, family physician programs and referral systems are in line with the realization of a primary care health system that actualizes considerable potential resources towards the improvement of the health conditions of the society [4]. The family physician program is a comprehensive health system and among the main achievements of this program are helping people to refer to the right specialist and an increase in the public satisfaction of health services [2]. Additionally, the American Physician Academy believes that the family physician system is the best and most effective way to provide health services for patients [3]. In spite of this, the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in cooperation with the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security, Ministry of Health, Treatment, Medical Education, and Health Service Insurance Org. triggered a rural health insurance programs through a referral system based on a family physician program in 2005. This program, considered as one of the main elements of health system development, was aimed to expand the health insurance coverage and to promote equal access to health diagnostic services [5]. In addition to supplying health services required by the public, the family physician program prevents negligence of patients’ right or any abuse of people’s need to health services [1]. Given that the family physician program is a nationwide program and all insurance organizations participate in this program, it is essential to survey the performance of the program regarding implementation, quality, and quantity of the services provided to insured patients. By this survey, the weakness and advantages of the program can be highlighted. Consequently, the family physician program may lead to immense changes in treatment behavior models as well as changes in consumption patterns in this field [6]. Santos and Amado believe that the knowledge of a family physician to provide primary care services leads to a long-term relation between the family and the physician; which is an advantage of the family physician program [7]. In addition, ranking the health services by the referral system gives the people in need access to more specialized services based on their true needs [8]. At first, the referral visits the family physician and, if needed, the physician recommends them to a special practitioner. The special practitioner, then, checks the patients, carries out the required measures, records the measures in the patients’ file, and returns the patients to the family physician [9]. Although, the family physician program is initially aimed to improve public access to health care systems and cuts the unnecessary medical costs, there are evidences that the program is not free of weaknesses [10]. In his study titled â€Å"challenges of family physicians in the world of the 1980s† Donald Rice (1980), studied the status of family physicians and challenges ahead of them in different countries and highlighted some main challenges including financial support for the graduates, salary of the physicians and the staff from community sources, and so on. After the implementation of health networks, family physicians are the next biggest reform in health systems, which promises to solve many of the problems of the health system. It is reasonable to expect a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems ahead of the program and failures to overcome. These problems threaten first level of services and the poor’s health. Above all, solving a problem needs developing an accurate insight to the problem. Analyzing the causes and the factors effective on high turnovers of family physicians is the first step to reach a right policy to improve health services nationwide. Methods The study is a descriptive analytical work carried out on the Tehran Province health system in 2012. Given incongruity of the districts under study and sensitivity of the issue, a census was taken in the system and all 100 physicians in the system agreed to participate. No sampling was done in this study and all the study population took part in the survey. Questionnaires were used for gathering the data. These questionnaires were divided into two sections. The first section included the demographic information of those who had took part in the survey. The second section included the questions which showed the unwillingness of the physicians towards the family physician program. The results of these questionnaires were classified into five main axes; 1- economic variables (questions 1-6); 2- work conditions, health, welfare, and educational variables (questions 7-12); 3- systematic-organizational variables (questions 13-18); 4- organizational-administrative variables (questions 19-24); and 5- social and cultural variables (questions 25-30). The questionnaire was designed based on Likert’s five-point scale. The validity of the questionnaires was approved by ten experts. Also, the stability was gained by the Cronbachs alpha coefficient test. The gleaned data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. Among descriptive statistics frequency, frequency rate, mean, and standard deviation were used. Also in order to survey the independence/dependence of the variables, Chi Square was used as inferential statistics. Results Female and male participants constituted 65% and 35% of the sample group respectively. In addition, 24% of the participants were unmarried and 76% were married. Regarding employment status, 68% had lifetime employment and 32% were employed in the program for a specific time. The average age of the participants was 34 and the youngest and oldest participants were 25 and 54 years old respectively. Moreover, 23% of the participants were at the age range of 25-35, 58% were at the age range of 35-45; and 19% were at the age range of 45-55. Work records also showed that the lowest work experience was 1 year and the highest work experience was 29 years. On average, the participants had 10 years of work experience; 30% less than 19 years, 50% between 10 to 20 years, and 20% between 20 to 30 years. Table 1. distribution and frequency rate of the response Mean point economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems effective on the willingness of the physicians to take part in the family physician program were below the midpoint (Table 2). Table 2. Family physician problem There was a significant negative relationship among economic, welfare, and social-cultural problems. On the other hand, there was a positive and significant relationship between work conditions, health, and structural-organization problems (Table 3). Table 3. correlation among problems of family physicians to take part in the program Discussion The family physician program has aimed to completely implement a referral system in the heath and treatment sector. Among the main advantages of the program are preventing physicians ‘confusion and, more importantly, to improve public satisfaction from health services. This research also minimizes the waste of resources and leads to great economic savings. The early years of implementing the program have been featured with an increase of availability index in different aspects of the family physician program (human resources and preclinical services). Still, the ahead challenges are not deniable. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between economic, work conditions, health, welfare, structural-organizational, and social-cultural problems on one hand and the physicians’ willingness to participate in the family physician program on the other. This is consistent with Hosseing Fahreji’s study [11] on the family physician program in the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. A study by Masoodi Asl [12] on the assessment of the satisfaction of the service takers under the Imam Khomeini Charity Committee program showed that 31.25% were satisfied with the program, 51.5% were relatively satisfied, and 10% were relatively dissatisfied; which is inconsistent with the present study. Motlagh (2009) in a study titled â€Å"physician’s satisfaction† on the factors effective on creating dynamism in the family physician program and rural medical insurance indicates that minimum satisfaction level in the medical education universities is with financial problems [13]. Taking into account the findings of the study and significant effect of welfare and financial problems on the physician’s tendency to take part in the program, one may conclude that poor welfare facilities and accommodations for the physicians in the health and treatment network leads to high turnover rates among the physicians. The majority of the physicians only take part in the program for short and temporary terms and to only spend their obligatory service terms. Dieleman et al. also mentioned low salaries and hard work conditions as the reasons for lack of motivation in the health and treatment system [14]. Given that a successful implementation of the family physician program needs public participation and cooperation for different sections, cultural works on all the effective actors is essential. Failure to successfully implement referral to a specialist practitioner plan, poor follow up by the family physicians, and poor public support for the program are the signs of low public participation rates in the program. The reasons of poor cooperation are lack of cultural and public informing measures regarding family physician programs and negative attitudes and distrust in family physicians. Nasrollahpour et al. highlighted resistance among family physicians and specialist practitioners against the family physician program [15]. Professional satisfaction of the family physicians is a key factor in the health system. In addition, professional satisfaction might be related to the quality and effectiveness of the health services provided [16]. On the other hand, probability of attracting new work forces decreases with an increase of professional dissatisfaction among family physicians and replacement applications by the physicians. Payment terms and work conditions are key factors in attracting and keeping skillful physicians [17]. In regards to the causes of dissatisfaction among the family physicians are high workloads, being busy doing supportive works in health centers, lack of welfare, negligence of specific needs of different regions, and lack of proper cultural preparation (the public and specialist physicians are not properly trained). Ebadifardazar et al. [18] found that issues like low salaries, delay in payments, remote work place, long working hours, and no promising future for this national program are the causes of dissatisfaction of family physicians that increases turnover rates. Understaffed work force and high rates of turnover or replacement during the first 5 years of family physician program indicate problems of attracting and keeping general practitioners in the program. Also decreasing the number of service takers assigned to each practitioner, proving decent work conditions, providing welfare facilities to attract physicians and keeping the balance between demand and supply, clarifying health service packs, and providing required equipment and support are the effective factors in attracting and keeping the physicians [19]. Conclusion In conclusion, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the problems experienced by physicians and their willingness to participate in the family physician program in the health centers located in Tehran. In spite of the fact that satisfactory implementation of the program is the intention of the policy makers, solving the problems participating physicians face and increasing their willingness to participate appears to be an effective approach to improve the outcomes of the program. References Jamshid Beigi M, Mardfar N. Executive performance of family physician program and rural insurance. Tehran: Arvij; 2007. Persian. Ghoharinejh ad S. Health system decentralization on Iran University of Medical Science. Proceeding of 5th National Congress of Healthcare Administration Student, 2007 May 9-12, Iran, Tabriz; P.32. Persian. Rasoulid Nejad S. A survey of referral system in health care service system and ways to improve Isfahan Health system. [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch; 1996. Family physicians and referral system in Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Health Department, Summer, 2006. Persian. Ministry of health and medical education. Illustration of health team and family physician services. First ed. Tehran: Arvij Publishers; 2006. Persian. Khayyati F, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Kazemeini H. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iranian journal of public health. 2011; 40(3): 136. Amado CA, Santos SP. Challenges for performance assessment and improvement in primary health care: the case of the Portuguese health centers. Health Policy. 2009;91(1):43-56. Davoudi S. Introduction to health sector reform. 1st ed. Tehran: Asar-e-Mouaser; 2006. Persian. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Family physician instructions, 2010. Persian. Kersnik J. An evaluation of patient satisfaction with family practice care in Slovenia. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000;12(2):143-7. Hosseini Fahreji H. Assessment of family physician performance in Yazd Imam Khomeini Charity Committee [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2004. Persian. Masoudi Asl I. A survey of family physician program from the physicians’ viewpoint in Yasouj Imam Khomeini Charity Committee. [M.A. Thesis]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University; 2002. Persian. Motlagh MI, Pourshirvani N. Doctors consent of dynamic factors affecting the insurance plan and rural family physicians in Gilan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2004;19:55-48. Persian. Dieleman M, Cuong PV, Anh LV, Martineau T. Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam. Hum Resour Health. 2003;1(1):10. Nasrollahpour Shirvani D, Ashrafian Amiri H, Motlagh ME, Kabir MJ, Maleki MR, Shabestani Monfared A, et al. Evaluation of the function of referral system in family physician program in Northern provinces of Iran 2008. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2010;11(6):46-52. Landeck M, Garza C. Utilization of physician health care services in Mexico by US Hispanic border residents. Health marketing quarterly. 2003;20(1):3-16. Abma J C, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and womens health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. 1997;(19):1-14. Mahmoodi A, Kohan M, Azar FE, Solhi M, Rahimi E. The impact of education using Health Belief Model on awareness and attitude of male teachers regarding their participation in family planning. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.  2011:9(3):21-8. Persian. Cates W, Karim QA, El-Sadr WM, Haffner DW, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Rogo K, Averill EMD. Family planning and the millennium development goals. 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Ernest Sosa: Externalism :: essays research papers

Ernest Sosa: Externalism Ernest Sosa likes externalism. He thinks that it is intuitively correct. But he must and does agree that it must be clarified in order to avoid certain problems. So, his mission in this paper is to first define what he calls "Generic Reliabilism," then to show how it is susceptible to certain objections, then to present a modified version of it, and to show that this new version is, in general, better than its predecessor. Let us look at his argument. First, we get the usual definition of generic reliabilism: S is justified in his belief that p at t if the belief is produced by some faculty that usually produces true beliefs. Then, we get a couple of Alvin Goldman's notions of justification with Sosa's revisions. A belief is strongly justified iff it is well formed, and by means of a truth conducive process. A belief is weakly justified iff it is "blameless" (not the result of an intentional mistake?) but ill-formed, and the believer is not aware that the belief is ill- formed. A belief is superweakly justified iff the process that produces the belief is unreliable but the subject did not intentionally come to hold the belief because it was acquired unreliably. And, finally, a belief has strong meta-justification iff the subject neither believes that nor can determine if the belief is ill-formed (hence the "meta-" prefix), and the subject is aware of the process by which he got the belief and that the process is reliable. OK, seems reasonable enough. But, Sosa points out, there are a couple of scenarios (actually, three, but Sosa concentrates mainly on the two listed below) in which these conceptions of justification just do not work. The "new evil demon" problem takes a couple of forms in the article, but what it amounts to is that if a person S attains beliefs through something other than his usual faculties (e.g. senses, reasoning, etc.) like evil demons or random neurological stimulators, or whatever, then that person's beliefs are not attained through a reliable process (we are assuming that demons are, as usual, not benevolent bearers of truth). But, we do not want to say, or at least Sosa doesn't, that the deceived believer is completely unjustified in his beliefs; so, what level of justification do we assign to his situation? If, by some amazing coincidence, the random processes or demons generate a consistent and coherent set of beliefs, then we can say that the subject is weakly and meta- justified. But, t hat situation is not very likely, and thus we need the notion of superweak

Developing and Maintaining Safe Schools Essay -- Safety Education Essa

Developing and Maintaining Safe Schools There is no greater challenge that exists today than creating safe schools. It is difficult for children to learn in an environment that is unsafe and when they feel at risk. It is hard to keep staff on task when they fear for their own safety. One out of twelve students who stay away from school do so because of fear. In an ideal world, you would like to prevent all school crime and ensure the safety of students and each staff member. There are so many things outside the control of the school administrator that such a task is almost impossible. To predict the potentially disruptive behavior of students, a staff member, or the intruder who comes to your campus is unrealistic, but being armed with the knowledge that this could happen to you could can lead to do several things to prepare for a crisis, avoid a crisis, and preclude successive crises. Restoring our schools to tranquil and safe places of learning requires a great commitment. It involves placing school safety at the top of the educational agenda. Without safe schools, teachers cannot teach and students cannot learn. School administrators have a host of opportunities and strategies that can be implemented to make a difference. The difficulty often is in effectively analyzing the problem, and then deciding what can be done about it. A safe school is in place when students can learn and teachers can teach in a warm and welcoming environment free of intimidation and fear. It is a setting where the educational climate fosters a spirit of acceptance and care for every child; where behavior expectations are clearly communicated, consistently enforced and fairly applied. A safe school is a function of community will, priorities and i nterests. It requires partnerships and cooperation. The components and people involved are limited only by the imagination, creativity, energy, and commitment of the local community. Very important people include students, educators, parents, law enforcers, judges, probation directors, mental health leaders, and... ...allenge of setting a safe school environment plan. In today's society, safety is a very important issue. Once upon becoming an administrator, this would be one of the main issues on my list. I would work to have a safe school environment plan in effect. I would follow the outlined guide as closely as possible in order to implement a safe school environment plan in my school and district. Bibliography: Dwyer, K.; Osher, D.; and Warger, C. Early Warning, Timely Response: A guide to safe schools. www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/OSEP/earlywrn.html Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Flannery, Daniel J. Improving School Violence Prevention Programs Through Meaningful Evaluation. New York, New York: ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education, 1993. Houston, Paul. Schools: Islands of Safety in a Sea of Violence. www.aasa.org/Latest/Outlook/outlook10-7-98.htm AASA Leadership for Learning Stephens, Ronald D. The Art of Safe School Planning. Bloomington, Indiana: The School Administrator, 1996. Stephens, Ronald D. Conducting a Self-Assessment of School Safety. Bloomington, Indiana: The School Administrator, 1996.

Career Development

The relationship between early career success and participating in an undergraduate field internship extends earlier research on the effects of formal marketing education on career success. Career focus includes the recognition of the personal valued, work-related outcomes and the vocational abilities and interests are important to attain work satisfaction. (Taylor, 1992) Interns benefit from developing career aspirations and self-concept. (Madoch, 1980) Undergraduates who have completed their internship program have a greater sense of responsibility and career development. (Borzak, 1979); (Williams, 1990); (Eyler, 1992).Internship helps to decide career choice and future job satisfaction. (Taylor, 1992) A survey of intern and non-intern business of a north eastern US public university indicated significant early career advantages for undergraduate with internship experiences advantage included less time to obtain first position increase monitory compensation, and grater overall job satisfaction. In addition to the career benefits provided to the students. ( (gualt, redington, & schlager, 2000)CompensationCompensated interns have more successful internships. Compensation is strongly recommended to make the experience realistic (Madoch, 1980) Offering compensation is a sign of support to interns. (Berger, 1992)Although compensation for an intern's work can be a certain unit of academic credit, but the best way to pay is still monetary reward, and survey shows the interns who received payments evaluated their internships higher. (Bacow, 1993). ). Even if it is a minimum wage, compensation acts as a reminder that students are in the â€Å"real world† where they are supposed to think and feel like â€Å"employees /professionals†. The National Association of Colleges and Employers says interns who get paid are almost twice as likely as their unpaid counterparts to get a job offer when they graduate. (Herships, 2013) Paid internship may also create a more competitive applicant pool. (University, n.d.) Furthermore, by paying the interns, the sponsoring organization can demonstrate its commitment in making the internship meaningful. (Hamilton, 1992).And also Paid internships offer students a way to gain relevant knowledge and the skills required to succeed in a specific career field while making some money through an hourly wage, weekly salary, or stipend over the course of the internship. (LORETTO, 2018) The number of paid internships being offered by employers are increasing in the Universities across America. According to the employers it is due to the high amount of lawsuits regarding interns being used to performing menial chores (like taking out the trash) that have been filed over the past few years. Companies wants to protect their companies, therefore they try to are keep a watchful eye on these lawsuits. The companies think that paying their interns seems like the first step in doing the right thing and taking the responsibility to compensate someone (no matter how young and inexperienced) for tasks performed.so, the no of job offers has increased as well as the undergraduates have got the opportunity to do a paid internship. Paid internship helps to motivate the undergraduate interns. (LORETTO, 2018) Therefore, Compensation is positively associated with the successfulness of internship program.  Industry Exposure/Experiential EducationThere's no substitute for hands-on experience. (LORETTO, 2018)An experiential education can be described as â€Å"all programs that are designed to expand the setting of learning experiences beyond the traditional school environment to occupational and community settings and these programs use planned experience to promote cooperation between traditional educational institutions and business, industry, labor, government and community groups to suppo rt learning†. (Miller) Experiential Learning is important for the interns. It is also a crucial factor to the successfulness of internship program. As for our research area we only try to finalize the Student perspective factors of successful internship program. We are going to check whether the above discovered student perspective factors are accurate and match with the student perspective of KDU Undergraduates.  Chapter SummaryThe above literature shows that most of the foreign researchers were concerned about this issue and they have done their studies regarding this issue in the global context. Success of the internship program depends upon the influences or factors which affected for the internship program. The competency and motivation of all parties involved are indispensable for a successful internship programs. As we mentioned above the identified three perspectives are Organizational Perspective, University Perspective and Student Perspective. According to our study area we discovered Skill Development, Self-confidence and Attitudes, Academic Preparedness and Evaluation, Career Development, Compensation and Industry Exposure as the Student Perspective factors from those previous researches. Those are essential to the undergraduates who have to participate in the internship program in the near future.Research methodologyIntroduction This Chapter provides an outline for the research methodology of this study to answer the research questions. This contents of the Research Design, Research Approach, Sampling Method, Data Collection Method and Data Analysis Method etc. Research Design, Approach and Method The purpose of this research is to explore the factors affected on successful internship program on student perspective of KDU. So this Experimental study is done based on Positivism. We developed a hypothesis based on the existing theory and designing the research strategy to test the hypothesis, therefore our study is according to the Deductive Approach. And also this study is a Cross-sectional Study. We collected numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods, therefore our research method is Quantitative. Conceptual Framework According to the study, it is mainly considered that what factors affecting on successful internship program of Student Perspective. The following figure shows the conceptual framework of this study.Independent Variables Dependent VariableSource:- Developed by the Researchers For the success of an internship program they are the essential factors according to the student perspective that need to be developed by the Intern Undergraduates. In here, the dependent variable is Successful Internship program. There are five independent variables which affect for the successfulness of the internship program, namely Skill Development, Self-confidence and Attitudes, Academic Preparedness and Evaluation, Career Development, Compensation and Industry Exposure. Therefore, those factors are the positive influences affected for the successful internship program. Operationalization Source; Developed by the Researchers We selected the sample size as 80 Undergraduates from the population Simple random sampling technique was employed in the selecting the sample from the targeted population. We sent the structured questionnaires to the respondents as google forms using online social medias to access easily and filled out the questionnaires so that the true responses could be obtained. Data Collection Method To measure how those independent variable factors' relationship with the dependent variable: successful internship program we collected adequate information by using Questionnaires as primary data. As Secondary data we collected by means of extensive literature study that includes textbooks, journal articles, internet based web searches and research data bases. Data analytical Tool. In order to transform information in to quality data and to check reliability of them, Completed questionnaires and answers used to inspect and editing. Then Data would be analyzed using analytical tools such as Excel, mean, median, skewness measures depending on the nature of the data set. And also we used IBM SPSS Software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics based on frequency tables, graphs and charts used to provide information. The Descriptive Statistics which have used in this study are based on tables frequency distribution, and graphical presentation with the respect to the information of the respondents. Conclusion This study is designed to be quantitative that collect data using Questionnaires as Primary data and textbooks, journal articles, internet based web searches and research data bases as secondary data This is an Experimental study which is based on positivism. And also it is in deductive approach. This study has done according to the correct guidelines in order to achieve the core purpose of this Research.

Molecular Archaeology

Different methods have been used and are being used in the analysis of archaeological data. Among others, different archaeometric fields such as paleoecology (paleozoology, paleobotany and pllenanalysis), dating methods (radiocarbon-dating and dendrochronology) and analytical chemistry had been used for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of different archaeological substances (Kiesslich, n.d.). Given the nature of archaeology, evaluated data are analyzed on the point of view of history. The recent discoveries in science particularly in genetics and molecular biology have given rise to another method of scientific analysis of archaeological data. The new developments allow easier investigation of ancient remains not only through paleoecology, dating and chemical methods but on a molecular level. This new branch of archaeological analysis is what is now known as Molecular Archaeology. Christianson (2007) of the Minnesota State University gives a more perspicuous description of the field. According to him, Molecular Archaeology is an â€Å"†¦emergent field in archaeology that has been brought about by the advancements of the recognition and understanding of DNA, focusing on the acquisition of either DNA or mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and being able to determine species of natural archaeological finds as well as determine blood lines and/or sex of animal or human remains.† It is this use of the DNA in the analysis of archaeological data that differentiates Molecular Archaeology from the other methods of archaeological analysis. It is the biological function of this DNA that makes molecular archaeology an irreplaceable field in analytical archaeology. This DNA contains genetic information which, once known, could provide special information about the individual properties of the probe (Christianson, 2007). These individual properties include one's species, population, and gender. Also, Through the use of DNA residues, accuracy in reconstructing subsistence and related cultural activities is more probably. As a result, we gain more knowledge and understanding of the lives of our ancestors and the environment they lived in as well as of the other creatures that coexisted with them (Christianson, 2007). There was a time when molecular archaeology seemed to be inconceivable. This was when scientists believed that DNA-preservation was impossible in biological remains. Previous studies have shown that it only took days or even hours for degradation to occur after the death of an individual. With degradation, of course, is the loss of significant genetic information (Keisslich, n.d.). It is one study in the early eighties defied this scientists' limiting belief on the relationship between degradation and DNA-preservation and paved the way for molecular archaeology and the use of DNA in the analysis of archaeological data. â€Å"This is the successful detection of intact genetic information in a 4000-year-old Egyptian mummy† (Kiesslich, n.d.) Furthermore, the invention of analytical methods in molecular biology boosted the field of molecular archaeology. â€Å"In 1988, Mullis and Saiki published a study on Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase†. Practically, they invented the PCR or the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique which made possible the detection and characterization of even minimal traces of DNA. In theory, the presence of even a single intact molecule of DNA can give a positive result (Kiesslich, n.d.) †The impact of molecular archaeology particularly its use of DNA in evaluating data has been proven to be a great leap in archaeological research†. Because DNA is a huge aspect of molecular archaeology, it is necessary even for the general studies of this subject to include information on the nature of the DNA. DNA is a helically-twisted macromolecule consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone. â€Å"Each sugar in the DNA's sugar-phosphate backbone is bound to one side-chain which may be different for each unit†. It is this side-chain that represents a single basic unit of DNA or DNA-base. It is the connection between a few to several billions of base-pairs connected by one polymer unit that produces a double helix, particular to the DNA. (Kiesslich, n.d.) The function of the DNA is mainly the maintenance and passing of genetic information from parent to progeny. This genetic information is encoded in 4 different letters (A, C, G, T) which represent the bases or the basic units. Three of the letters together correspond to the next superior information unit (Kiesslich, n.d.) The DNA not only functions for the maintenance and passing of genetic information but also for the control of the biological functions of each cell. For living organisms, it is located in the nucleus of the cells and in small cellular compartments called mitochondria. This mitochondria are considered as the powerhouses of the cell because it provide for the energy needed for cellular processes. Like nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has their own chromosomes. â€Å"In general, a cell contains only two copies of nuclear DNA and as much as a thousand copies of mitochondrial DNA â€Å"(Kiesslich, n.d.). What is crucial to the nature of the DNA is the sequence of its 4 discriminable bases or the base-sequence. It is this base-sequence that represents the genetic information passed on from parent to progeny and controls the cellular chemical reactions. It is this sequence that is the targeted information in the analysis of archaeological facts and this sequence can only be determined through the application of methods in molecular biology (Kiesslich, n.d.). Information given by an individual's DNA is not limited to the individual but also to pathogens which include microorganisms and bacteria, as well as biological materials and the diet of a settlement (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA of microorganisms and bacteria can be determined through paleopathology and paleoepidemiology. DNA of biological material can be determined through paleoecology, paleobotany and paleozoology. An extracted intact DNA would give the whole genetic information of an individual. This genetic information can be accessed using different sequence-specific DNA probes which also provide information required for archaeological analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.) There is a difference between the extraction of DNA from the nucleus and DNA from the mitochondria. Note that DNA from the nucleus persists only as two copies for every cell while mitochondrial DNA persists at an average of a few thousand copies per cell. â€Å"Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA require a minimum state of preservation to obtain the specific sequence information†. The greater quantity of mitochondrial DNA allows it to be more readily accessible compared to nuclear DNA. It is also more resistant to degradation processes after death as well as diaganetic influences compared to nuclear DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.). The two types of DNA are different in the types of information that can be obtained. In nuclear DNA, information about an individual's genetic constitution can be obtained. This includes the individual's species, gender, fingerprint and kinship with other individuals. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial DNA provides information that allows the assessment of maternal lineage within a community. This is because mitochondrial DNA is exclusively maternally hereditary. The mitorchondrial DNA's comparatively slow mutational rate also allows greater evaluation of genetic context for individuals. In effect, individuals can be classified through middle and long-range temporal classification (Kiesslich, n.d.). Using information on the X and Y chromosomes, gender can be determined easily using molecular biological methods (Faerman and Filon, 2005). As it is known, gender is one of the most significant features of an individual and is likewise significant in archaeological analysis. Among other parts, gender can be and is usually determined using the teeth and the bones (Kiesslich, n.d.). Sex-specific genes are located in the X and Y chromosomes. Still, the determination of gender is not limited to molecular biological means. The determination of the gender of an individual remains can be done through conventional methods including morphometry. This happens when convenience is not the issue but the quality of the sample itself when it is too damaged or when the remains that are analyzed belonged to an infant. As a rule, a few grams of bone or tooth is enough for DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.). †Gender determination through DNA-analysis can be exemplified by the study done in South Israel, at a bath house at a burial site of Roman Askalon†. It must be noted that in Ancient Askalon infanticide was a widespread phenomenon (The Advent of Molecular Archaeology, 2005). †Behind the bath house, archaeologists found more than 100 skeletal remains of infants which at first were thought as the remains of unwanted girls†. The epigraph stating â€Å"Enter, Enjoy and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the several lamps with erotic motifs gave rise to a theory which was confirmed using DNA-analysis. Through gender determination by DNA-analysis, it was found out that the skeletal remains that were found did not only belong to unwanted girls but also to unwanted boys. The bath house was confirmed to be a brothel and the skeletal remains were the infants of the women who used to work at the place (Kiesslich, n.d.). Meanwhile, the issue on whether or not tuberculosis was brought to Peru by Columbus and his successors was clarified using DNA analysis. â€Å"One study reported that the DNA of tuberculosis pathogens already existed even among 600-900-year-old Peruvian mummies† (Kiesslich, n.d.). Nuclear DNA-analysis is also used in the identification of remains. In history, the remains of Josef Mengele in Brazil as well as the identification of the remains of the Romanov family in Jekatrinenburg after the Bolshevik Revolution were identified using DNA-fingerprinting (Kiesslich, n.d.). The analysis of organic residues in some jars found in Egyptian Amphorae allowed the discovery of what commodities were transported to Egypt during the Late Bronze Age and the links between the sources of the jars, the commodities and the way of transport of substances in the Mediterranean world (Stern, 2001). Mitochondrial DNA analysis was used in the investigation of the Tyrolean Ice-man (The Advent of Molecular Archaeology, 2005). The findings of the investigation revealed a high DNA-sequence homology to today's population in the Northern alps (Kiesslich, n.d.) and showed a great fit to the Northern European context. In this case, clothes and tools associated with the findings were also investigated aside from the individual body, giving an idea on vegetation during the era (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA-analysis also covers topics historical and anthropological topics particularly population-genetics. Population-genetics include the tracing of migrations and distributions of populations. For example, kinship analysis was done with some individuals in Forida (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA-analysis can also be used to trace genealogical origins and also in the determination of possible threats of diseases from ancestors. Source materials for DNA-analysis are not limited to bones and teeth. As a matter of fact, anything that could possibly contain DNA, even if not part of the individual's body can be a source material. â€Å"Source materials can range from biological remains such as skeletons, bodies, bones, hair, teeth, forensic and medical preparations, museum specimens, fossils and objects that an individual has come in contact with† (Kiesslich, n.d.). It must be remembered that DNA-analysis is a procedure which involves the destruction of the specimen. This implies that once a specimen has been used for analysis, it cannot be reused. On the other hand, even small amounts of materials, say, a piece of hair or a gram of bone is enough for any DNA-analysis as long as the specimen is of quality, depending on the source's chemical, physical, geological, ecological and biological history (Kiesslich, n.d.). †A DNA can be expected to be intact and well-preserved if it has been maintained at low-temperatures such as the case of the Tyrolean Ice-man, or if it has been maintained in arid places†. As a rule, DNA-degradation happens under humid conditions so specimens coming from deserts, and in polar regions or any other setting with similar conditions would produce more intact DNA specimens and more successful DNA analysis. Other conserving factors include anaerobic conditions such as that in Florida during the kinship analysis and the quantity of possible DNA specimens such in mummies (Kiesslich, n.d.). The less a specimen is affected by diagenetic processes, the more intact and well-preserved it will be when used for DNA-analysis. This is the reason why teeth and bones are commonly used for DNA-analysis. Their structure, and rigidity as well as the little hollow spaces with single cells, which undergo individual post-mortem mummification (Kiesslich, n.d.). In addition, these specimens are less affected by natural contamination during the life of the individual as well as post-mortem contaminations. Contemporary contaminations in the specimens can also be easily removed before extracting the DNA. As noted earlier, teeth and bones are suitable material sources for the determination of gender and for any other DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.). In molecular archaeology as well as in any other field that require genetic analysis, collection of samples and pre-treatment require maximum precautions. This is to prevent contemporary errors which are possible sources of errors. Errors are especially crucial in DNA-analysis since specimens are not infinite (Kiesslich, n.d.). One simple precaution is to wear gloves and safety-masks. Also, tools and containers that will be used in the analysis should be sterile and free from other DNA contaminants. It must also be remembered that probing of specimens should be done directly at the excavation site, sealed and only opened until it get to the laboratory. All these should be obligatory to prevent contamination and thus, errors (Kiesslich, n.d.) There are many procedures for the extraction of DNA from material sources. Naturally, speciments are cleaned first to remove physical contaminants such as soil and dirt. Specimens are then homogenized and placed in an extraction buffer. This extraction buffer contains compounds that are necessary for the breaking of the source-matrix. The breaking of the source matrix is done by decalcification or and proteinase-digestion. The end product is the extracted solubilized DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.). Similar to extraction, isolation and purification are also done through different procedures. Before doing the process, the chemical and physical conditions of the source material must first be evaluated. This is another preventive procedure to minimize errors from contaminants. Once the DNA in the source material has been purified and contained in an aqueous solution, substances that are co-extracted with the DNA including humic acids and other chemicals which have similar properties with the DNA must be removed to avoid false negatives in PCR reactions. These co-extrants could also inhibit enzymatic reactions (Kiesslich, n.d.). The most powerful tool for the investigation of DNA is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because of its sensitivity which allows even a single intact DNA enough for detection. The PCR is an amplification procedure that is sequence specific. â€Å"Here, sequence specific DNA probes are added to reactions considering reaction parameters necessary for the process†. Through this, the target sequence is amplified until detectable amounts are obtained. However, further care must be done in order to avoid contamination, particularly contemporary ones. Contemporary contaminants are better preserved in the PCR. To manage this, blank extracts and zero-controls must be done for every extraction. In sum, controls are necessary to for the verification of the authenticity of the results and in order to trace possible contaminations that are present (Kiesslich, n.d.). Zero-controls are PCR-reactions which do not contain the DNA being analyzed (Kiesslich, n.d.). They are blank extracts which contain everything that is required for the reaction used in the DNA-analysis such as solutions and buffers. In the same way as the source material, these controls undergo the same extraction steps. Much has been transformed by the discovery of DNA. In the past, archaeological investigations may be limited to the physical level. Today, it has reached the era when Archaeology intersects with Molecular Biology. There are still lots of evidences to discover. history is still filled with gaps. With the advent of Molecular Archaeology, strands may just be made and gaps may just be filled. References Christianson, B. (2007). Molecular Archaeology. Minnesota State University. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/archaeology/moleculararchaeology.html. Faerman, M., D. Filon, et al. (1995). Sex identification of archaeological human remains based on amplification of the X and Y amelogenin alleles. Gene, 167, (1-2): 327-32. Kiesslich, J. (n.d.). The Emerging Field of Molecular Archaeology. Retrieved 23 October Saiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, et al. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science,   239, (4839): 487-91. Stern, B. (2001). Organic Residues in Egyptian Amphorae. University of Bradford. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/depart/resgrp/molarch/egypt.html. The Advent of Molecular Archaeology. (2005). Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/2/184.   

Deception Point Page 96

But he heard the explosion. 117 The West Wing was usually quiet at this hour, but the President's unexpected emergence in his bathrobe and slippers had rustled the aides and on-site staff out of their â€Å"day-timer beds† and on-site sleeping quarters. â€Å"I can't find her, Mr. President,† a young aide said, hurrying after him into the Oval Office. He had looked everywhere. â€Å"Ms. Tench is not answering her pager or cellphone.† The President looked exasperated. â€Å"Have you looked in the-â€Å" â€Å"She left the building, sir,† another aide announced, hurrying in. â€Å"She signed out about an hour ago. We think she may have gone to the NRO. One of the operators says she and Pickering were talking tonight.† â€Å"William Pickering?† The President sounded baffled. Tench and Pickering were anything but social. â€Å"Have you called him?† â€Å"He's not answering either, sir. NRO switchboard can't reach him. They say Pickering's cellphone isn't even ringing. It's like he's dropped off the face of the earth.† Herney stared at his aides for a moment and then walked to the bar and poured himself a bourbon. As he raised the glass to his lips, a Secret Serviceman hurried in. â€Å"Mr. President? I wasn't going to wake you, but you should be aware that there was a car bombing at the FDR Memorial tonight.† â€Å"What!† Herney almost dropped his drink. â€Å"When?† â€Å"An hour ago.† His face was grim. â€Å"And the FBI just identified the victim†¦ â€Å" 118 Delta-Three's foot screamed in pain. He felt himself floating through a muddled consciousness. Is this death? He tried to move but felt paralyzed, barely able to breathe. He saw only blurred shapes. His mind reeled back, recalling the explosion of the Crestliner out at sea, seeing the rage in Michael Tolland's eyes as the oceanographer stood over him, holding the explosive pole to his throat. Certainly Tolland killed me†¦ And yet the searing pain in Delta-Three's right foot told him he was very much alive. Slowly it came back. On hearing the explosion of the Crestliner, Tolland had let out a cry of anguished rage for his lost friend. Then, turning his ravaged eyes to Delta-Three, Tolland had arched as if preparing to ram the rod through Delta-Three's throat. But as he did, he seemed to hesitate, as if his own morality were holding him back. With brutal frustration and fury, Tolland yanked the rod away and drove his boot down on Delta-Three's tattered foot. The last thing Delta-Three remembered was vomiting in agony as his whole world drifted into a black delirium. Now he was coming to, with no idea how long he had been unconscious. He could feel his arms tied behind his back in a knot so tight it could only have been tied by a sailor. His legs were also bound, bent behind him and tied to his wrists, leaving him in an immobilized backward arch. He tried to call out, but no sound came. His mouth was stuffed with something. Delta-Three could not imagine what was going on. It was then he felt the cool breeze and saw the bright lights. He realized he was up on the Goya's main deck. He twisted to look for help and was met by a frightful sight, his own reflection-bulbous and misshapen in the reflective Plexiglas bubble of the Goya's deepwater submersible. The sub hung right in front of him, and Delta-Three realized he was lying on a giant trapdoor in the deck. This was not nearly as unsettling as the most obvious question. If I'm on deck†¦ then where is Delta-Two? Delta-Two had grown uneasy. Despite his partner's CrypTalk transmission claiming he was fine, the single gunshot had not been that of a machine gun. Obviously, Tolland or Rachel Sexton had fired a weapon. Delta-Two moved over to peer down the ramp where his partner had descended, and he saw blood. Weapon raised, he had descended belowdecks, where he followed the trail of blood along a catwalk to the bow of the ship. Here, the trail of blood had led him back up another ramp to the main deck. It was deserted. With growing wariness, Delta-Two had followed the long crimson smear along the sideboard deck back toward the rear of the ship, where it passed the opening to the original ramp he had descended. What the hell is going on? The smear seemed to travel in a giant circle. Moving cautiously, his gun trained ahead of him, Delta-Two passed the entrance to the laboratory section of the ship. The smear continued toward the stern deck. Carefully he swung wide, rounding the corner. His eye traced the trail. Then he saw it. Jesus Christ! Delta-Three was lying there-bound and gagged-dumped unceremoniously directly in front of the Goya's small submersible. Even from a distance, Delta-Two could see that his partner was missing a good portion of his right foot. Wary of a trap, Delta-Two raised his gun and moved forward. Delta-Three was writhing now, trying to speak. Ironically, the way the man had been bound-with his knees sharply bent behind him-was probably saving his life; the bleeding in his foot appeared to have slowed. As Delta-Two approached the submersible, he appreciated the rare luxury of being able to watch his own back; the entire deck of the ship was reflected in the sub's rounded cockpit dome. Delta-Two arrived at his struggling partner. He saw the warning in his eyes too late. The flash of silver came out of nowhere. One of the Triton's manipulator claws suddenly leaped forward and clamped down on Delta-Two's left thigh with crushing force. He tried to pull away, but the claw bore down. He screamed in pain, feeling a bone break. His eyes shot to the sub's cockpit. Peering through the reflection of the deck, Delta-Two could now see him, ensconced in the shadows of the Triton's interior. Michael Tolland was inside the sub, at the controls. Bad idea, Delta-Two seethed, blocking out his pain and shouldering his machine gun. He aimed up and to the left at Tolland's chest, only three feet away on the other side of the sub's Plexiglas dome. He pulled the trigger, and the gun roared. Wild with rage at having been tricked, Delta-Two held the trigger back until the last of his shells clattered to the deck and his gun clicked empty. Breathless, he dropped the weapon and glared at the shredded dome in front of him. â€Å"Dead!† the soldier hissed, straining to pull his leg from the clamp. As he twisted, the metal clamp severed his skin, opening a large gash. â€Å"Fuck!† He reached now for the CrypTalk on his belt. But as he raised it to his lips, a second robotic arm snapped open in front of him and lunged forward, clamping around his right arm. The CrypTalk fell to the deck. It was then that Delta-Two saw the ghost in the window before him. A pale visage leaning sideways and peering out through an unscathed edge of glass. Stunned, Delta-Two looked at the center of the dome and realized the bullets had not even come close to penetrating the thick shell. The dome was cratered with pockmarks. An instant later, the topside portal on the sub opened, and Michael Tolland emerged. He looked shaky but unscathed. Climbing down the aluminum gangway, Tolland stepped onto the deck and eyed his sub's destroyed dome window. â€Å"Ten thousand pounds per square inch,† Tolland said. â€Å"Looks like you need a bigger gun.† Inside the hydrolab, Rachel knew time was running out. She had heard the gunshots out on the deck and was praying that everything had happened exactly as Tolland had planned. She no longer cared who was behind the meteorite deception-the NASA administrator, Marjorie Tench, or the President himself-none of it mattered anymore. They will not get away with this. Whoever it is, the truth will be told. The wound on Rachel's arm had stopped bleeding, and the adrenaline coursing through her body had muted the pain and sharpened her focus. Finding a pen and paper, she scrawled a two-line message. The words were blunt and awkward, but eloquence was not a luxury she had time for at the moment. She added the note to the incriminating stack of papers in her hand-the GPR printout, images of Bathynomous giganteus, photos and articles regarding oceanic chondrules, an electron microscan printout. The meteorite was a fake, and this was the proof.

All That Glitters Is Not Gold – Paper

ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Outward appearance can be greatly misleading. Gold  is a very valuable metal. It has an attractive glittering appearance too. But it does not mean that everything which  glitters  like  gold  should be precious. There are utterly valueless things that look like  gold  and taking them on their face value is unwise. On the contrary, some of the dull looking things possess immense value. Their appearance is in no way proportionate to the great value they have. This is true of human beings also.A person may be good looking having an attractive character. But he may not possess any real ability or talent. He can even turn out to be unscrupulous too. A man must be judged on the basis of his abilities and not on his  external appearance. Many of the truly good and great men are humble. Goodness and perfection do not go with gaudiness. Like shining glass pieces which dazzle and glitter like  diamonds  the appearance of men can be greatly misl eading. Therefore estimation and analysis of people on the basis of mere appearance is an unwise approach.Never go by the appearance of anything, be it a person or a thing. Simply wanting for it just by the looks of it can lead to great disaster. Most of the time, what we see is not the reality; the outside appearance generally hides all the truth and reality. Though we might say face is the index of the heart, there are so many methods to hide the face reactions. But that can be found out on constant and vigilant observation alone. The credit worthiness of so many things is definitely questionable. When it comes to a materialistic thing, its worth can be judged only on using it.In the same way, we can find the true color of a person only by moving with them, though not closely at least getting acquainted with them. Now a days, we can see so many imitation jewelry that shine even more than gold. Any individual can be judged by his deeds and attitude. Many a times, aptitude or fearle ssness can be found out to be a fake one. Advertisements are the best way to market any product, but most of the times; they just don't show the reality. But not all of them are like that, but one has to be very careful with such type of advertisements.The actions of people in today's world are self centered and they just look at the benefits they get out of it. It is better to be careful to start a friendship with those who try to project themselves as your well wishers or friends. It is better to ascertain their motives and actions and a constant vigil need to be kept on them. One have to understand that all those metals that are shiny and yellow in color need not be gold, they might be painted yellow or just any other yellow metal. So one has been aware of the appearance and judges everything.So it is better to keep in mind â€Å"All that glitters is not gold†. Life is something really strange. In life we come across several things and persons that are entirely different f rom what they look like. Outward shows are generally misleading. Same is the case with certain†¦ ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Appearances are often deceptive. Many things may superficially appear very attractive. When they are examined from close quarters, they prove to be disappointing. One cannot judge the quality of a thing by seeing its exterior portion only. Every shinning metal is not gold.Very often, things are not what they seem to be. We often form our opinion bout objects on the basic of superficial impression. One should always try to find out the true nature of things. We should try to find out the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. A book with a beautiful cover has no guarantee of its being interesting. A beautiful packaged product launched in the market after massive advertising campaign may attract the consumer. He may but that product once but if the product is of poor quality, he would not buy it again. A wise discerning person does not accept thin gs at face value.He gets suspicious of a person or thing which appears too good to be true. His trained eyes can see beyond the superficial appearance of an object. The quality of anything can be judge only if we come to know the reality of a thing. Gold is gold if the inner metal is also gold. Many things are made of inferior metal and to hide their defect, they are given a shine. They look beautiful and attract many a person who loves beautiful objects. An object with a glittering shin of gold cannot b gold unless the whole object itself is gold. All that glitters is not gold.All people wearing saffron clothes cannot be saints. A foolish man can never be wise by pretending to be wise. A person may pretend to be noble, hiding his defects. One cannot judge a person from his smiling face or cheerful appearance. The wearing of a gown cannot make an idiot a lawyer. One often tempted towards external beauty. Sometimes, even the wise fall prey to such temptations. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats. Simplicity can be deceptive too. One may pretend to be simple though one may not†¦ [continues]